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swelling is rapid during the first 5 to 10 minutes at a certain temperature butcontinues upon further heating [29]; however, the prolonged holding of temperatures at about 95 to 96°C does not seem to increase the swelling to a greatextent [28,110,114]. The swelling is not affected by presoaking before heatingbut does increase with increasing water-to-starch ratios up to 25 ml water perg starch. The swelling was reported to increase as a result of defatting thestarch [29], although for oat and pigeon pea starches defatting seems todecrease swelling [111–113].The heating procedure influences the swelling (e.g., increased shearinghas been found to increase the swelling) [28]; however, severe shearing willcause fragmentation of the granules [61]. Another parameter of importance isthe heating rate. For maize and wheat starches at 90°C, the swelling ratio washigher for the higher heating rate, the effect being greater for wheat comparedwith maize [114].It is evident from Figure 10.4 that different starches show different swellingpatterns, with regard to both the final gel volumes obtained and the temperatureresponse. As can be seen from Figure 10.4, potato starch gives a very largegel volume. The waxy varieties show the highest gel volumes when starchesdiffering in amylose content are compared [29,84].10.3.2.6 LeakingDuring heating and at the same time as the absorption of water, material isleached out from the starch granules. The material is largely amylose, althoughamylopectin might be leached, the amount depending on the starch and the
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