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trypsin has features in common with that of chymotrypsin, the two mechanisms are considerably different [15]. Just as the activation processes of chymotrypsin and trypsin differ, the resultant mutually stabilizing interactions between the four segments in the two enzymes are also different. It follows from this that conformational plasticities of the activation domains of chymotrypsin and trypsin, as opposed to the static structures, should also bedifferent[17]. In this regard it is worth mentioning that the elimination of the disulfide bond Cys191-Cys220 from trypsin and chymotrypsin (constituent of the activation domains and the substrate-binding pockets of both enzymes) has different effects on their substrate specificities [77]. Preparation The purification from natural sources usually consists oftwo major steps. It is the proenzyme which is prepared first by acidic extraction, ammonium sulfate precipitation and crystallization [5], or by acetone precipitation and ion-exchange chromatography[78]. Then, after the activation of the proenzyme, the different forms of chymotrypsin can be purified by ion-exchange [78] or affinity chromatography [66,79]. For the preparation of cloned chymotrypsin, the expression, purification and activation of chymotrypsinogen is also the most convenient route. Rat chymotrypsinogen expressed in a yeast system is secreted into the culture medium on a scale of milligrams per liter[66,79].Biological Aspects The proteolytic enzymes of the digestive tract, includingchymotrypsin, trypsin (see Chapter 575) and elastase (see Chapter 584), are produced in inactive forms by the acinar cells of the pancreas, and they are carried as such bythe pancreatic juice into the duodenum where they are activated. The initial step of a complicated activation process is the activation of trypsinogen by enteropeptidase (Chapter 586). All the proenzymes in the digestive tract, chymotrypsinogen, proelastase and procarboxypeptidase A, are then activated by trypsin. Like the activation of these proteases, their breakdown and inactivation are also regulated by limited proteolysis. In the case of chymotrypsin(ogen) at least two kinds of proteolytic activities are involved in the activation/inactivation of the enzyme: one from trypsin and the other from the accumulatingchymotrypsin (also seeName and Historyabove). Under physiological conditions there may be sufficient trypsin to activate chymotrypsinogen rapidly enough to bypass theautolysis of chymotrypsin and the breakdown of chymotrypsinogen by chymotrypsin. As discussed earlier (see Name and Historyabove), ‘fast’ activation of chymotrypsinogen [11], the process we expect in the duodenum, leads to the formation of γ-type chymotrypsin. Autolysis of chymotrypsin and its possible degradation by other proteases represents one of the physiologic mechanismsfor the inactivation of chymotrypsin in the small intestine. The other mechanism to regulate the activity of serine proteases is their inhibition by pancreatic protease inhibitors and serpins. It was recently suggested from our laboratory [80,81] and another laboratory [82] that serpins,when covalently bound to serine proteases, convert them into an inactive, loose structure that serves as a ‘conformational trap’ of the enzyme, preventing catalytic deacylation. It is also suggested that this trap mechanism could be general for inhibitory serpins and that it may facilitate the degradation of the target proteases in vivo. Chymotrypsin B has also been detected in rat liver lysosomes,where it can cleave Bid and induce the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway; translocation of chymotrypsin B to the lysosome can be triggered by apoptoticstimuli such as tumor necrosis factor αor permeabilization of lysosomal membranes induced by H2O2 or palmitate [83,84]. Distinguishing Features Pancreatic serine proteases are expressed as proenzymes with N-terminal propeptides of different lengths. Thesepropeptides, unlike those of subtilisin andα-lytic protease, which are inhibitory for the correctly folded enzymes[85],preventcorrect folding of the substrate-binding pocket and the oxyanion hole of the pancreatic proteases (see Structural Chemistryabove). After the proenzymes reach the duodenum, where their activity is required, the propeptides are clipped off by enteropeptidase (for trypsinogen)or by trypsin (for chymotrypsinogen and proelastase). The chymotrypsin structure is different from that of trypsin in that its 15 amino acid propeptide remains linked to the enzyme through a disulfide bridge between Cys1 and Cys122. To explore the structural and functional significance of this disulfide bond, chymotrypsinogen mutants lacking the bridge, wild-type chymotrypsinogen, a chymotrypsin/trypsin propeptide chimera and wild-type trypsinogen were expressed in yeast and thoroughly characterized [19]. The conclusion of this study is that the disulfidebridge Cys1-Cys122 of chymotrypsinogen rather than the propeptide sequence itself plays a crucial role in keeping the proenzyme stable against non-specific activation. Thedisulfide-linked propeptide in the active enzyme, however, does not seem to affect the activity and specificity of chymotrypsin. A comparison of proenzyme stabilities showed that the trypsinogen propeptide is about 10 times more effective than the chymotrypsinogen propeptide in
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