In logic, an argument can be invalid even if its conclusion is true, a terjemahan - In logic, an argument can be invalid even if its conclusion is true, a Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

In logic, an argument can be invali

In logic, an argument can be invalid even if its conclusion is true, and an argument can be valid even if its conclusion is false. It’s a confusing concept, and people are easily fooled when an argument’s validity and believability don’t match up, especially in the case of invalid arguments with conclusions that are believable. Psychological scientists call this phenomenon belief bias.
For example, consider this argument.
All psychological scientists conduct empirical research.
William James conducts empirical research.
Therefore, William James is a psychological scientist.
All of the premises are true, and so is the conclusion, but it’s not a valid argument. All psychological scientists do conduct empirical research, and so does William James, but that’s not what tells us that James is a psychological scientist. Some people who conduct empirical research — Rosalind Franklin, for example — aren’t psychological scientists at all.
To explain belief bias, scientists have developed the selective processing model. According to this model, human reasoning involves a superficial, associative heuristics component and a rigorous, rule-based analytic component. When we’re evaluating an argument, the heuristic component of the reasoning process encourages us to accept the conclusions we believe and reject the conclusions we don’t believe. The analytic component encourages us to accept or reject a conclusion based on a mental model of the argument. Even when the analytic component kicks in, it’s not foolproof because our reasoning process functions in a way that is “satisficing.” In other words, people naturally aim for “good enough” rather than perfect when it comes to logic.
Now, a group of scientists led by Edward J. N. Stupple of the University of Derby, UK, is suggesting that this model should be tweaked to acknowledge the unique reasoning processes utilized by high-logic thinkers. These thinkers scrutinize problems at an analytic level that goes beyond mere satisficing, and in a study published in the Journal of Cognitive Psychology, Stupple and his coauthors pointed out that the current selective processing model doesn’t explain what makes people give special analytical attention to some problems over others.
Stupple’s team asked a group of participants to complete a logic test and used the resulting scores to split the participants into three groups: a low-logic, high belief-bias group; a medium-logic, moderate belief-bias group; and a high-logic, low belief-bias group. The low-logic groups solved the problems more quickly and less accurately than the other two groups, and they spent the same amount of time on each problem, regardless of whether validity and believability conflicted. The medium-logic group solved the problem more slowly than the low-logic group, and took somewhat more time to answer invalid-believable problems than other problems. Finally, the high-logic group showed greater accuracy than the other two groups, and it took them significantly longer to answer invalid-believable problems than all other types of problems.
The scientists think that a sensitivity to logic-belief conflict and the unique (and time-consuming) problem-solving style of high-logic thinkers is a big part of what drives the invalid-believable argument response times for all groups. While sensitivity to logic-belief conflict may exist to some degree in everyone, the scientists write, it is most dramatic in high-logic problem solvers.
Even though Stupple and his team propose revising the selective processing model slightly to reflect the responses of high-logic individuals, overall they think their data indicate that the selective processing model is empirically sound — maybe even the type of model that William James could get behind.
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In logic, an argument can be invalid even if its conclusion is true, and an argument can be valid even if its conclusion is false. It’s a confusing concept, and people are easily fooled when an argument’s validity and believability don’t match up, especially in the case of invalid arguments with conclusions that are believable. Psychological scientists call this phenomenon belief bias.
For example, consider this argument.
All psychological scientists conduct empirical research.
William James conducts empirical research.
Therefore, William James is a psychological scientist.
All of the premises are true, and so is the conclusion, but it’s not a valid argument. All psychological scientists do conduct empirical research, and so does William James, but that’s not what tells us that James is a psychological scientist. Some people who conduct empirical research — Rosalind Franklin, for example — aren’t psychological scientists at all.
To explain belief bias, scientists have developed the selective processing model. According to this model, human reasoning involves a superficial, associative heuristics component and a rigorous, rule-based analytic component. When we’re evaluating an argument, the heuristic component of the reasoning process encourages us to accept the conclusions we believe and reject the conclusions we don’t believe. The analytic component encourages us to accept or reject a conclusion based on a mental model of the argument. Even when the analytic component kicks in, it’s not foolproof because our reasoning process functions in a way that is “satisficing.” In other words, people naturally aim for “good enough” rather than perfect when it comes to logic.
Now, a group of scientists led by Edward J. N. Stupple of the University of Derby, UK, is suggesting that this model should be tweaked to acknowledge the unique reasoning processes utilized by high-logic thinkers. These thinkers scrutinize problems at an analytic level that goes beyond mere satisficing, and in a study published in the Journal of Cognitive Psychology, Stupple and his coauthors pointed out that the current selective processing model doesn’t explain what makes people give special analytical attention to some problems over others.
Stupple’s team asked a group of participants to complete a logic test and used the resulting scores to split the participants into three groups: a low-logic, high belief-bias group; a medium-logic, moderate belief-bias group; and a high-logic, low belief-bias group. The low-logic groups solved the problems more quickly and less accurately than the other two groups, and they spent the same amount of time on each problem, regardless of whether validity and believability conflicted. The medium-logic group solved the problem more slowly than the low-logic group, and took somewhat more time to answer invalid-believable problems than other problems. Finally, the high-logic group showed greater accuracy than the other two groups, and it took them significantly longer to answer invalid-believable problems than all other types of problems.
The scientists think that a sensitivity to logic-belief conflict and the unique (and time-consuming) problem-solving style of high-logic thinkers is a big part of what drives the invalid-believable argument response times for all groups. While sensitivity to logic-belief conflict may exist to some degree in everyone, the scientists write, it is most dramatic in high-logic problem solvers.
Even though Stupple and his team propose revising the selective processing model slightly to reflect the responses of high-logic individuals, overall they think their data indicate that the selective processing model is empirically sound — maybe even the type of model that William James could get behind.
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Dalam logika, argumen dapat valid bahkan jika kesimpulan itu benar, dan argumen dapat berlaku bahkan jika kesimpulan adalah palsu. Ini adalah konsep yang membingungkan, dan orang-orang yang mudah tertipu ketika validitas argumen dan kepercayaan tidak cocok, terutama dalam kasus argumen yang tidak valid dengan kesimpulan yang dipercaya. Ilmuwan psikologi menyebutnya Bias fenomena kepercayaan.
Sebagai contoh, perhatikan argumen ini.
Semua ilmuwan psikologi melakukan penelitian empiris.
William James melakukan penelitian empiris.
Oleh karena itu, William James adalah seorang ilmuwan psikologi.
Semua tempat yang benar, dan begitu juga kesimpulan, tapi itu bukan argumen yang valid. Semua ilmuwan psikologi melakukan melakukan penelitian empiris, dan begitu juga William James, tapi bukan itu yang memberitahu kita bahwa James adalah seorang ilmuwan psikologi. Beberapa orang yang melakukan penelitian empiris - Rosalind Franklin, misalnya -. Tidak ilmuwan psikologis sama sekali
Untuk menjelaskan Bias kepercayaan, para ilmuwan telah mengembangkan model pengolahan selektif. Menurut model ini, penalaran manusia melibatkan dangkal, heuristik asosiatif komponen dan ketat, berdasarkan aturan komponen analitik. Ketika kita sedang mengevaluasi argumen, komponen heuristik dari proses penalaran mendorong kita untuk menerima kesimpulan kita percaya dan menolak kesimpulan kita tidak percaya. Komponen analitik mendorong kita untuk menerima atau menolak kesimpulan berdasarkan pada model mental argumen. Bahkan ketika komponen analitik tendangan, itu tidak sangat mudah karena fungsi proses penalaran kita dengan cara yang "satisficing." Dengan kata lain, orang-orang yang secara alami bertujuan untuk "cukup baik" daripada sempurna ketika datang ke logika.
Sekarang, kelompok ilmuwan yang dipimpin oleh Edward JN Stupple dari University of Derby, Inggris, yang menyatakan bahwa model ini harus tweak untuk mengakui proses penalaran yang unik dimanfaatkan oleh tinggi-logika pemikir. Pemikir ini meneliti masalah pada tingkat analitik yang melampaui belaka satisficing, dan dalam sebuah penelitian yang diterbitkan dalam Journal of Psikologi Kognitif, Stupple dan coauthors menunjukkan bahwa model pengolahan selektif saat ini tidak menjelaskan apa yang membuat orang memberikan perhatian analitis khusus . beberapa masalah atas orang lain
tim Stupple bertanya kelompok peserta untuk menyelesaikan tes logika dan digunakan skor yang dihasilkan untuk membagi peserta menjadi tiga kelompok: a-logika rendah, kelompok kepercayaan bias tinggi; media-logika, kelompok keyakinan-Bias sedang; dan-logika tinggi, kelompok keyakinan-bias rendah. Kelompok rendah logika memecahkan masalah yang lebih cepat dan lebih akurat dibandingkan dengan dua kelompok lain, dan mereka menghabiskan jumlah waktu yang sama pada setiap masalah, terlepas dari apakah validitas dan kepercayaan konflik. Kelompok menengah-logika memecahkan masalah lebih lambat dari kelompok rendah logika, dan mengambil sedikit lebih banyak waktu untuk menjawab masalah yang tidak valid-dipercaya dibandingkan masalah lain. Akhirnya, kelompok tinggi-logika menunjukkan akurasi yang lebih besar dibandingkan dengan dua kelompok lain, dan itu membawa mereka jauh lebih lama untuk menjawab masalah yang tidak valid-dipercaya daripada semua jenis masalah.
Para ilmuwan berpikir bahwa kepekaan terhadap konflik logika-keyakinan dan unik ( dan memakan waktu) gaya pemecahan masalah tinggi logika pemikir adalah bagian besar dari apa yang mendorong waktu respon argumen yang tidak valid-dipercaya untuk semua kelompok. Sementara kepekaan terhadap konflik logika-keyakinan mungkin ada beberapa gelar di semua orang, para ilmuwan menulis, hal ini sangat dramatis dalam high-logika pemecah masalah.
Meskipun Stupple dan timnya mengusulkan merevisi model pengolahan selektif sedikit untuk mencerminkan respon tinggi logika individu, secara keseluruhan mereka pikir data mereka menunjukkan bahwa model pengolahan selektif secara empiris suara - bahkan mungkin jenis model yang William James bisa mendapatkan di belakang.
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