between two asymptotes-the natural distribution given by inviscid
theories at lower end, and an asymptote given by the characteristics
of a forced and discrete shedding process at the higher end. In
between, the nature is not universal, but transitional, where details
like the mode and frequency of flapping and the number of flaps
are influential.
4 Dynamic measurements of axial force and phase-matched
measurements of the vorticity-velocity vector maps in the axial
and cross-stream planes have confirmed the production of thrust
in a rigid body due to flapping foils attached to its tail. The origin
of thrust in the establishment of a jet producing vortex structure in
the wake is shown via direct measurements. These measurements
are a database for the validation of unsteady computational codes.
5 There is a misconception in the literature about Strouhal
numbers and efficiency of fish and two dimensional flapping hydrofoils.
While this may be true for natural shedding processes,
there is no data yet showing that fish attains a sharply peaked
highest efficiency in the range 0.25,St,0.35. Several species of
fish operate in this range when they swim at their highest speeds.
However data about efficiency and a sharp peaking is so far lacking.
6 Efficiency of axial force production reaches a peak below the
Strouhal number range of 0.2520.35. Strouhal number of tail
flapping does emerge as an important parameter governing the
production of net axial force and efficiency, although it is by no
means the only one. Flapping frequency and mode of flapping,
namely waving and clapping, are important as well in the forced
shedding mechanism. The efficiency of thrust production is
slightly higher in the waving mode of oscillation of the dual flapping
foils in the tail - a mode of motion that mimics the swaying
of the forebody of a fish. The importance of induced drag has
been traced to the flapping mode and the attendant interaction of
the flap-tip axial vortices.
7 The phase variation of a simulated and minute head swaying,
can modulate axial thrust produced by the tail motion, within a
narrow range of 65 percent. This precision indicates that the
phase relationship of vortex shedding from various discrete vorticity
generating surfaces is an effective tool of maneuvering in a
fish.
8 The general conclusion is that, the mechanism of discrete
deterministic and phased vortex shedding produces large unsteady
force vectors, which makes it inherently amenable to active control
and suitable for precision maneuvering.
Acknowledgment
This research was funded by the Office of Naval Research and
the Naval Undersea Warfare Center Independent Research Program.
This support is gratefully acknowledged. The encouragement
of and discussions with Mr. James Fein, Dr. Teresa Mc-
Mullen, Professors Frank Fish and M. Triantafyllou are
acknowledged. The authors would also like to acknowledge the
assistance of D. Thivierge, J. Dick, M. Zeiger, C. Straney, M.
Savoie, and B. Doyle. The first part of this work was presented at
the AGARD Workshop on ‘‘High Speed Body Motion in Water,’’
held at Kiev, Ukraine, Sept. 1–3, 1997, and the second part was
presented at the ‘‘International Symposium on Seawater Drag Reduction,’’
held at Newport, RI, July 22–24, 1998.
Sedang diterjemahkan, harap tunggu..
