many GIS packages do provide a 2.5D

many GIS packages do provide a 2.5D intermediate solution for viewing, by
draping thematic layers, like land cover or a road network, over a digital elevation
model. In this case, however, there is no ‘depth’ in the data model,
as we can see when a road tunnel route is draped over the mountain it goes
through.
2.2 Classes and Methods in R
In Chap. 1, we described R as a language and environment for data analysis.
Although this is not the place to give an extended introduction to R,2 it will
be useful to highlight some of its features (see also Braun and Murdoch, 2007,
for an up-to-date introduction). In this book, we will be quoting R commands
in the text, showing which commands a user could give, and how the nongraphical
output might be represented when printed to the console.
Of course, R can be used as a calculator to carry out simple tasks, where
no values are assigned to variables, and where the results are shown without
being saved, such as the area of a circle of radius 10:
> pi * 10^2
[1] 314.1593
Luckily, ð is a built-in constant in R called pi, and so entering a rounded
version is not needed. So this looks like a calculator, but appearances mislead.
The first misleading impression is that the arithmetic is simply being ‘done’,
while in fact it is being translated (parsed) into functions (operators) with
arguments first, and then evaluated:
> "*"(pi, "^"(10, 2))
[1] 314.1593
When the operators or functions permit, vectors of values may be used
as readily as scalar values (which are vectors of unit length) — here the ‘:’
operator is used to generate an integer sequence of values:
> pi * (1:10)^2
[1] 3.141593 12.566371 28.274334 50.265482 78.539816 113.097336
[7] 153.938040 201.061930 254.469005 314.159265
The second misapprehension is that what is printed to the console is the
‘result’, when it is actually the outcome of applying the appropriate print
method for the class of the ‘result’, with default arguments. If we store the
value returned for the area of our circle in variable x using the assignment
operator

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1:

many GIS packages do provide a 2.5D intermediate solution for viewing, bydraping thematic layers, like land cover or a road network, over a digital elevationmodel. In this case, however, there is no ‘depth’ in the data model,as we can see when a road tunnel route is draped over the mountain it goesthrough.2.2 Classes and Methods in RIn Chap. 1, we described R as a language and environment for data analysis.Although this is not the place to give an extended introduction to R,2 it willbe useful to highlight some of its features (see also Braun and Murdoch, 2007,for an up-to-date introduction). In this book, we will be quoting R commandsin the text, showing which commands a user could give, and how the nongraphicaloutput might be represented when printed to the console.Of course, R can be used as a calculator to carry out simple tasks, whereno values are assigned to variables, and where the results are shown withoutbeing saved, such as the area of a circle of radius 10:> pi * 10^2[1] 314.1593Luckily, ð is a built-in constant in R called pi, and so entering a roundedversion is not needed. So this looks like a calculator, but appearances mislead.The first misleading impression is that the arithmetic is simply being ‘done’,while in fact it is being translated (parsed) into functions (operators) witharguments first, and then evaluated:> "*"(pi, "^"(10, 2))[1] 314.1593When the operators or functions permit, vectors of values may be usedseperti nilai-nilai skalar (yang vektor satuan panjang)-di sini ':'operator akan digunakan untuk menghasilkan urutan integer nilai:> pi * (1:10) ^ 2[1] 3.141593 12.566371 28.274334 50.265482 78.539816 113.097336[7] 153.938040 201.061930 254.469005 314.159265Pengertian-salah kedua adalah bahwa apa yang dicetak ke konsol'hasil', ketika itu benar-benar hasil menerapkan cetak sesuaimetode untuk kelas 'hasil', dengan argumen-argumen default. Jika kita menyimpannilai kembali untuk wilayah kami lingkaran dalam variabel x menggunakan tugasoperator <-, kita dapat mencetak x dengan standar jumlah digit atau lebih jika