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a. Transaction deposits
As the name suggests, such deposits are directly related to transactions and payments, and can be regarded as corresponding to demand deposits in conventionalbanking systems. Although a bank would guarantee the nominal value of the deposit, itwould pay no interest on this type of liability. Banks would be expected to provide a variety of services to the holders of transaction deposits, the most important of which are checking facilities(6). Generally speaking, funds mobilized through this source cannot be used for profitable investment by banks. As such, banks would presumably have to levy a service charge on deposit holders to cover the costs of administering this type of account.
It has been argued that transaction deposits should have a 100 percent reserve requirement placed on them, with the backing being in the form of currency, foreign exchange, or suitable government securities(7). Obviously with a 100 percent reserve requirement the nominal value of these deposits would be automatically guaranteed. Aside from satisfying the desires of risk-averse individuals for a complete safe financial asset, this reserve requirement would also prevent the possibility of a banking crisis from interfering with the payments mechanism(8).
b. Investment deposits
The principal source of funds for banks would be deposits that more closely resemble shares in a firm, rather than time and savings deposits of the customary sort. The bank offering investment deposits would provide no guarantee on their nominal value, and they would not pay a fixed rate of return. The depositor instead would be treated as if he were a shareholder in the bank and therefore entitled to a share of the profits made by the bank. If the bank's operations resulted in an overall loss, such losses would also be shared by the depositor (and the bank) and the nominal value of the deposit would be written down. Unlike in conventional banking systems where the depositor is guaranteed the nominal value of his deposit, either by the bank or by the government through explicit or implicit deposit insurance(9), the only contractual agreement between the depositor and the bank is the proportion in which profits and losses are to be distributed. This profit sharing ratio has to be agreed in advance of the transaction between the bank and the depositor, and cannot be altered during the life of the contract, except by mutual consent.
While there are no firm rules on how the profit sharing would be determined, the basis of distribution would be presumably the overall profit and loss position of banks. Distributable profits would be calculated by setting off administrative expenses, provisions for taxes and reserves, and payments due to the central bank and other banks in respect of the financing provided by them, from total profits. The resulting net profits would be divided between the shareholders of the banks and the holders of investment deposits using a formula that takes into account the relative contributions of capital and equity, and investment deposits, to the profitability of the bank(10). There are, however, two crucial differences between investment deposits and common stock of the bank. First, deposit holders would not typically have any say in the management of the bank, and second, dividends on common stock would be discretionary on the part of bank management, whereas investment deposits would always yield a constant proportion of profits(11).
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