It’s generally agreed that passing the mirror test is strongevidence t terjemahan - It’s generally agreed that passing the mirror test is strongevidence t Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

It’s generally agreed that passing

It’s generally agreed that passing the mirror test is strong
evidence that a chimp has a self-concept, and that only chimps, orang-utans and humans consistently pass it.
However, Gallup (1998) infers much more than this.
He claims that:
not only are some animals aware of themselves
but …such self-awareness enables these animals to
infer the mental states of others. In other words,
species that pass the mirror test are also able to
sympathise, empathise and attribute intent and
emotions in others – abilities that some might
consider the exclusive domain of humans.
He believes that self-awareness or self-consciousness
is the expression of some underlying process that
allows organisms to use their experience as a means of
modelling the experience of others. The best support
for this mind-reading hypothesis (MRH) comes from
mirror studies involving human infants and young
children (see above). Gallup’s research also points to
the right prefrontal cortex as the brain area that mediates
self-awareness and mental states (such as deception and
gratitude) – and this is the brain region that grows most
rapidly between 18 and 34 months (see Chapter 4).
As additional support for his MRH, Gallup cites
studies by Povinelli and his colleagues involving chimps.
These studies are often taken to show that chimps have
a ‘theory of mind’ (see Chapter 40). Ironically, Povinelli
(1998) himself disagrees with Gallup’s MRH. While
agreeing that passing the mirror test indicates that chimps
possess a self-concept, he disagrees that this means that
they also possess the deep psychological understanding
of behaviour that seems so characteristic of humans.
If chimps don’t genuinely reason about mental states,
what can we say about their understanding of self based
on the mirror test? Povinelli has tried to answer this by
shifting his attention from chimps to two-, three- and
four-year-old children.
According to Povinelli, these results are consistent
with the view that genuine autobiographical memory
(AM) appears to emerge in children between three
and a half and four and a half (not the two-year mark
favoured by Gallup). AM implies understanding that
memories constitute a genuine ‘past’ – a history of the
self leading up to the here and now (see Chapter 17).
It also suggests that self-recognition in chimps – and
human toddlers – is based on recognition of the self’s
behaviour, not the self’s psychological states. When
chimps and orang-utans see themselves in a mirror,
Povinelli (1998) believes they:
form an equivalence relation between the actions
they see in the mirror and their own behaviour.
Every time they move, the mirror image moves
with them. They conclude that everything that
is true for the mirror image is also true for their
own bodies, and vice versa. Thus, these apes can
pass the mirror test by correlating coloured marks
on the mirror images with marks on their own bodies. But the ape does not conclude, ‘That’s
me!’ Rather the animal concludes, ‘That’s the
same as me!

Stickers, lies and videotape (Povinelli, 1998)
● In a series of experiments, children were videotaped while
they played an unusual game. The experimenter placed a
large, brightly coloured sticker secretly on top of the
child’s head. Three minutes later, they were shown either
(a) a live video image of themselves, or (b) a recording
made several minutes earlier, which clearly depicted the
experimenter placing the sticker on the child’s head.
● Two- and three-year-olds responded very differently,
depending on which video they saw. With the live image
(equivalent to seeing themselves in a mirror), most
reached up and removed the stickers from their heads.
But with the recording, only about one-third did so.
However, this wasn’t because they failed to notice the
stickers (when the experimenter drew their attention
to them and asked ‘What is that?’ most gave the correct
answer).
● They also ‘recognised’ themselves in the recording – they
all confidently responded with ‘Me’ and stated their name
when asked ‘Who is that?’ But this reaction didn’t seem to
go beyond a recognition of facial and bodily features.
When asked ‘Where is that sticker?’ they often referred
to the ‘other’ child (e.g. ‘It’s on her/his head’), as if they
were trying to say, ‘Yes, that looks like me, but that’s not
me – she’s not doing what I’m doing right now’. One
three-year-old said, ‘It’s Jennifer’ (her name), then hurriedly
added, ‘but why is she wearing my shirt?’
● By about four, a significant majority of the children began
to pass the delayed self-recognition test. Most four- and
five-year-olds confidently reached up to remove the
stickers after watching the delayed video images of
themselves. They no longer referred to ‘him/her’ or their
proper names.
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It’s generally agreed that passing the mirror test is strongevidence that a chimp has a self-concept, and that only chimps, orang-utans and humans consistently pass it.However, Gallup (1998) infers much more than this.He claims that:not only are some animals aware of themselvesbut …such self-awareness enables these animals toinfer the mental states of others. In other words,species that pass the mirror test are also able tosympathise, empathise and attribute intent andemotions in others – abilities that some mightconsider the exclusive domain of humans.He believes that self-awareness or self-consciousnessis the expression of some underlying process thatallows organisms to use their experience as a means ofmodelling the experience of others. The best supportfor this mind-reading hypothesis (MRH) comes frommirror studies involving human infants and youngchildren (see above). Gallup’s research also points tothe right prefrontal cortex as the brain area that mediatesself-awareness and mental states (such as deception andgratitude) – and this is the brain region that grows mostrapidly between 18 and 34 months (see Chapter 4).As additional support for his MRH, Gallup citesstudies by Povinelli and his colleagues involving chimps.These studies are often taken to show that chimps havea ‘theory of mind’ (see Chapter 40). Ironically, Povinelli(1998) himself disagrees with Gallup’s MRH. Whileagreeing that passing the mirror test indicates that chimpspossess a self-concept, he disagrees that this means thatthey also possess the deep psychological understandingof behaviour that seems so characteristic of humans.If chimps don’t genuinely reason about mental states,what can we say about their understanding of self basedon the mirror test? Povinelli has tried to answer this byshifting his attention from chimps to two-, three- andfour-year-old children.According to Povinelli, these results are consistentwith the view that genuine autobiographical memory(AM) appears to emerge in children between threeand a half and four and a half (not the two-year markfavoured by Gallup). AM implies understanding thatmemories constitute a genuine ‘past’ – a history of theself leading up to the here and now (see Chapter 17).It also suggests that self-recognition in chimps – andhuman toddlers – is based on recognition of the self’sbehaviour, not the self’s psychological states. Whenchimps and orang-utans see themselves in a mirror,Povinelli (1998) believes they:form an equivalence relation between the actionsthey see in the mirror and their own behaviour.Every time they move, the mirror image moveswith them. They conclude that everything thatis true for the mirror image is also true for theirown bodies, and vice versa. Thus, these apes canpass the mirror test by correlating coloured markson the mirror images with marks on their own bodies. But the ape does not conclude, ‘That’sme!’ Rather the animal concludes, ‘That’s thesame as me!Stickers, lies and videotape (Povinelli, 1998)● In a series of experiments, children were videotaped whilethey played an unusual game. The experimenter placed alarge, brightly coloured sticker secretly on top of thechild’s head. Three minutes later, they were shown either(a) a live video image of themselves, or (b) a recordingmade several minutes earlier, which clearly depicted theexperimenter placing the sticker on the child’s head.● Two- and three-year-olds responded very differently,depending on which video they saw. With the live image(equivalent to seeing themselves in a mirror), mostreached up and removed the stickers from their heads.But with the recording, only about one-third did so.However, this wasn’t because they failed to notice thestickers (when the experimenter drew their attentionto them and asked ‘What is that?’ most gave the correctanswer).● They also ‘recognised’ themselves in the recording – theyall confidently responded with ‘Me’ and stated their namewhen asked ‘Who is that?’ But this reaction didn’t seem togo beyond a recognition of facial and bodily features.When asked ‘Where is that sticker?’ they often referredto the ‘other’ child (e.g. ‘It’s on her/his head’), as if theywere trying to say, ‘Yes, that looks like me, but that’s notme – she’s not doing what I’m doing right now’. Onethree-year-old said, ‘It’s Jennifer’ (her name), then hurriedlyadded, ‘but why is she wearing my shirt?’● By about four, a significant majority of the children beganto pass the delayed self-recognition test. Most four- andfive-year-olds confidently reached up to remove thestickers after watching the delayed video images ofthemselves. They no longer referred to ‘him/her’ or theirproper names.
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Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:[Salinan]
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Ini umumnya sepakat bahwa lulus tes cermin
kuat. Bukti bahwa simpanse memiliki konsep diri, dan bahwa hanya simpanse, orangutan dan manusia secara konsisten lulus
Namun, Gallup (1998) menyimpulkan lebih dari ini.
Dia menyatakan bahwa:
tidak hanya beberapa hewan sadar diri
tapi ... kesadaran diri tersebut memungkinkan hewan ini untuk
menyimpulkan keadaan mental orang lain. Dengan kata lain,
spesies yang lulus tes cermin juga mampu
bersimpati, berempati dan atribut maksud dan
emosi orang lain - kemampuan yang beberapa mungkin. Mempertimbangkan domain eksklusif manusia Ia percaya bahwa kesadaran diri atau kesadaran diri adalah ekspresi beberapa proses yang mendasari yang memungkinkan organisme untuk menggunakan pengalaman mereka sebagai alat pemodelan pengalaman orang lain. Dukungan terbaik untuk membaca pikiran ini hipotesis (MRH) berasal dari studi yang melibatkan cermin bayi manusia dan muda anak-anak (lihat di atas). Penelitian Gallup juga menunjukkan korteks prefrontal yang tepat sebagai daerah otak yang menengahi kesadaran diri dan keadaan mental (seperti penipuan dan rasa syukur) - dan ini adalah wilayah otak yang tumbuh paling cepat di antara 18 dan 34 bulan (lihat Bab 4). Sebagai dukungan tambahan untuk MRH nya, Gallup mengutip studi oleh Povinelli dan rekan-rekannya melibatkan simpanse. Studi ini sering diambil untuk menunjukkan bahwa simpanse memiliki sebuah 'teori pikiran' (lihat Bab 40). Ironisnya, Povinelli (1998) sendiri tidak setuju dengan MRH Gallup. Sementara setuju bahwa lulus tes cermin menunjukkan bahwa simpanse memiliki konsep-diri, ia tidak setuju bahwa ini berarti bahwa mereka juga memiliki pemahaman psikologis yang dalam perilaku yang tampak begitu karakteristik manusia. Jika simpanse lakukan alasan untuk tidak benar-benar tentang keadaan mental, apa yang kita dapat mengatakan tentang pemahaman mereka tentang diri berdasarkan pada tes cermin? Povinelli telah mencoba menjawab ini dengan menggeser perhatiannya dari simpanse ke dua, tiga dan anak empat tahun. Menurut Povinelli, hasil ini konsisten dengan pandangan bahwa memori otobiografi asli (AM) tampaknya muncul pada anak-anak antara tiga setengah dan empat setengah (tidak tanda dua tahun disukai oleh Gallup). AM menyiratkan pengertian bahwa kenangan merupakan 'masa lalu' asli - sejarah dari diri mengarah ke sini dan sekarang (lihat Bab 17). Hal ini juga menunjukkan bahwa diri-pengakuan di simpanse - dan balita manusia - didasarkan pada pengakuan atas diri ini perilaku, bukan negara psikologis diri itu. Ketika simpanse dan orangutan melihat diri mereka di cermin, Povinelli (1998) percaya mereka: membentuk relasi ekivalen antara tindakan yang mereka lihat di cermin dan perilaku mereka sendiri. Setiap kali mereka bergerak, bergerak gambar cermin dengan mereka. Mereka menyimpulkan bahwa segala sesuatu yang benar untuk gambar cermin ini juga berlaku untuk mereka tubuh sendiri, dan sebaliknya. Dengan demikian, kera ini dapat lulus tes cermin dengan menghubungkan tanda berwarna pada gambar cermin dengan tanda pada tubuh mereka sendiri. Tapi kera tidak menyimpulkan, "Itu aku! ' Sebaliknya hewan menyimpulkan, "Itu sama seperti saya! Stiker, kebohongan dan video (Povinelli, 1998) ● Dalam serangkaian percobaan, anak-anak direkam saat mereka memainkan permainan yang tidak biasa. Eksperimen menempatkan besar, berwarna cerah stiker diam-diam di atas kepala anak. Tiga menit kemudian, mereka ditunjukkan baik (a) gambar video langsung dari diri mereka sendiri, atau (b) rekaman membuat beberapa menit sebelumnya, yang jelas menggambarkan eksperimen menempatkan stiker di kepala anak. ● Dua dan tiga-tahun- olds merespon sangat berbeda, tergantung pada video yang mereka lihat. Dengan gambar hidup (setara dengan melihat diri mereka di cermin), paling mengulurkan tangan dan dihapus stiker dari kepala mereka. Tapi dengan rekaman, hanya sekitar sepertiga melakukannya. Namun, ini bukan karena mereka gagal untuk melihat stiker (ketika eksperimen menarik perhatian mereka kepada mereka dan bertanya '? Apa yang' paling memberi yang benar. jawaban) ● Mereka juga 'diakui' sendiri dalam rekaman - mereka semua percaya diri menjawab dengan 'Me' dan menyatakan nama mereka ketika ditanya 'Siapa itu?' Tapi reaksi ini tampaknya tidak melampaui pengakuan dari fitur wajah dan tubuh. Ketika ditanya 'mana stiker itu? " mereka sering disebut dengan anak lain (misalnya "Ini pada dirinya / kepala '), seolah-olah mereka sedang mencoba untuk mengatakan,' Ya, itu terlihat seperti saya, tapi itu tidak saya - dia tidak melakukan apa yang saya lakukan sekarang'. Satu tiga tahun itu mengatakan, "Ini Jennifer '(namanya), kemudian buru-buru menambahkan," tapi kenapa dia mengenakan kemeja? "● Dengan sekitar empat, mayoritas signifikan dari anak-anak mulai untuk lulus diri pengakuan tertunda menguji. Kebanyakan empat dan lima-year-olds percaya diri mencapai hingga menghapus stiker setelah menonton gambar video tertunda sendiri. Mereka tidak lagi disebut 'dia / dia' atau mereka nama yang tepat.

















































































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