Although the vast majority of DNA in most eukaryotes isfound in the nu terjemahan - Although the vast majority of DNA in most eukaryotes isfound in the nu Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

Although the vast majority of DNA i

Although the vast majority of DNA in most eukaryotes is
found in the nucleus, some DNA is present within the mitochondria of animals, plants, and fungi and within the
chloroplasts of plants. These organelles are the main cellular sites for ATP formation, during oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria and photosynthesis in chloroplasts
(Chapter 8). Many lines of evidence indicate that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from bacteria that were endocytosed into ancestral cells containing a eukaryotic nucleus,
forming endosymbionts.Over evolutionary time, most of the
bacterial genes encoding components of the present-day organelles were transferred to the nucleus. However, mitochondria and chloroplasts in today’s eukaryotes retain DNAs
encoding proteins essential for organellar function as well
as the ribosomal and transfer RNAs required for their translation. Thus eukaryotic cells have multiple genetic systems:
a predominant nuclear system and secondary systems with
their own DNA in the mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Mitochondria Contain Multiple mtDNA Molecules
Individual mitochondria are large enough to be seen under
the light microscope, and even the mitochondrial DNA
10.6
(mtDNA) can be detected by fluorescence microscopy. The
mtDNA is located in the interior of the mitochondrion, the
region known as the matrix (see Figure 5-26). As judged by
the number of yellow fluorescent “dots” of mtDNA, a Euglena graciliscell contains at least 30 mtDNA molecules
(Figure 10-35).
Since the dyes used to visualize nuclear and mitochondrial DNA do not affect cell growth or division, replication
of mtDNA and division of the mitochondrial network can be
followed in living cells using time-lapse microscopy. Such
studies show that in most organisms mtDNA replicates
throughout interphase. At mitosis each daughter cell receives
approximately the same number of mitochondria, but since
there is no mechanism for apportioning exactly equal numbers of mitochondria to the daughter cells, some cells contain
more mtDNA than others. By isolating mitochondria from
cells and analyzing the DNA extracted from them, it can be
seen that each mitochondrion contains multiple mtDNA
molecules. Thus the total amount of mtDNA in a cell depends on the number of mitochondria, the size of the
mtDNA, and the number of mtDNA molecules per mito
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Although the vast majority of DNA in most eukaryotes isfound in the nucleus, some DNA is present within the mitochondria of animals, plants, and fungi and within thechloroplasts of plants. These organelles are the main cellular sites for ATP formation, during oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria and photosynthesis in chloroplasts(Chapter 8). Many lines of evidence indicate that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from bacteria that were endocytosed into ancestral cells containing a eukaryotic nucleus,forming endosymbionts.Over evolutionary time, most of thebacterial genes encoding components of the present-day organelles were transferred to the nucleus. However, mitochondria and chloroplasts in today’s eukaryotes retain DNAsencoding proteins essential for organellar function as wellas the ribosomal and transfer RNAs required for their translation. Thus eukaryotic cells have multiple genetic systems:a predominant nuclear system and secondary systems withtheir own DNA in the mitochondria and chloroplasts.Mitochondria Contain Multiple mtDNA MoleculesIndividual mitochondria are large enough to be seen underthe light microscope, and even the mitochondrial DNA10.6(mtDNA) can be detected by fluorescence microscopy. ThemtDNA is located in the interior of the mitochondrion, theregion known as the matrix (see Figure 5-26). As judged bythe number of yellow fluorescent “dots” of mtDNA, a Euglena graciliscell contains at least 30 mtDNA molecules(Figure 10-35).
Since the dyes used to visualize nuclear and mitochondrial DNA do not affect cell growth or division, replication
of mtDNA and division of the mitochondrial network can be
followed in living cells using time-lapse microscopy. Such
studies show that in most organisms mtDNA replicates
throughout interphase. At mitosis each daughter cell receives
approximately the same number of mitochondria, but since
there is no mechanism for apportioning exactly equal numbers of mitochondria to the daughter cells, some cells contain
more mtDNA than others. By isolating mitochondria from
cells and analyzing the DNA extracted from them, it can be
seen that each mitochondrion contains multiple mtDNA
molecules. Thus the total amount of mtDNA in a cell depends on the number of mitochondria, the size of the
mtDNA, and the number of mtDNA molecules per mito
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Meskipun sebagian besar DNA pada kebanyakan eukariota yang
ditemukan dalam inti, beberapa DNA hadir dalam mitokondria dari hewan, tumbuhan, dan jamur dan dalam
kloroplas tanaman. Organel ini adalah situs seluler utama untuk pembentukan ATP, selama fosforilasi oksidatif di mitokondria dan fotosintesis di kloroplas
(Bab 8). Banyak garis bukti menunjukkan bahwa mitokondria dan kloroplas berevolusi dari bakteri yang endocytosed menjadi sel leluhur yang mengandung inti eukariotik,
membentuk waktu evolusi endosymbionts.Over, sebagian besar
gen bakteri encoding komponen organel kini dipindahkan ke inti. Namun, mitokondria dan kloroplas pada eukariota hari ini mempertahankan DNA
yang mengkode protein penting untuk fungsi organellar serta
sebagai ribosom dan mentransfer RNA diperlukan untuk terjemahan mereka. Sehingga sel-sel eukariotik memiliki sistem genetik beberapa:
sistem nuklir dominan dan sistem sekunder dengan
DNA mereka sendiri dalam mitokondria dan kloroplas.
Mitokondria Mengandung Beberapa mtDNA Molekul
mitokondria individu yang cukup besar untuk dilihat di bawah
mikroskop cahaya, dan bahkan DNA mitokondria
10,6
( mtDNA) dapat dideteksi dengan mikroskop fluoresensi. The
mtDNA terletak di pedalaman mitokondria, yang
wilayah yang dikenal sebagai matriks (lihat Gambar 5-26). Sebagaimana dinilai oleh
jumlah kuning fluorescent "titik" mtDNA, sebuah Euglena graciliscell mengandung setidaknya 30 mtDNA molekul
(Gambar 10-35).
Karena pewarna digunakan untuk memvisualisasikan DNA nuklir dan mitokondria tidak mempengaruhi pertumbuhan sel atau divisi, replikasi
dari mtDNA dan pembagian jaringan mitokondria dapat
diikuti dalam sel-sel hidup menggunakan time-lapse mikroskop. Seperti
studi menunjukkan bahwa dalam kebanyakan organisme mtDNA ulangan
seluruh interfase. Pada mitosis setiap sel anak menerima
kira-kira jumlah yang sama dari mitokondria, tapi karena
tidak ada mekanisme untuk apportioning nomor persis sama mitokondria dengan sel anak, beberapa sel mengandung
lebih mtDNA daripada yang lain. Dengan mengisolasi mitokondria dari
sel dan menganalisis DNA diekstraksi dari mereka, dapat
dilihat bahwa setiap mitokondria berisi beberapa mtDNA
molekul. Dengan demikian jumlah total mtDNA dalam sel tergantung pada jumlah mitokondria, ukuran
mtDNA, dan jumlah mtDNA molekul per mito
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