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Two qualifications should be stressed,however, concerning the bilayer formof membrane lipids. (i) None of theevidence so far obtained for the bilayerform permits us to say whether thebilayer is continuous or interrupted (1).The calorimetrically observed phasetransitions, for example, occur over abroad temperature interval, allowing thepossibility that the cooperative unit involvedin the phase transition is quitesmall, consisting perhaps of only 100lipid molecules on the average. (ii) Noneof the experiments mentioned above issufficiently sensitive and quantitative toprove whether 100 percent of the phospholipidis in the bilayer form. It istherefore not excluded that some significantfraction of the phospholipid (perhapsas much as 30 percent) is physicallyin a different state from the restof the lipid.Protein-lipid interactions in membranes.Several kinds of experimentsindicate that protein-lipid interactionsplay a direct role in a variety ofmembrane functions. Many membraneboundenzymes and antigens requirelipids, often specific phospholipids, forthe expression of their activities [seetable 2 in (21)]. Furthermore, thenature of the fatty acids incorporatedinto phospholipids affects the functionof certain membrane-bound proteins inbacterial membranes (22).On the other hand, the calorimetricdata discussed above give no significantindication that the association of proteinswith the phospholipids of intactmembranes affects the phase transitions
of the phospholipids themselves. Experiments
with phospholipase C and
membranes have shown that the enzymic
release of 70 percent of the
phosphorylated amines from intact
erythrocyte membranes profoundly
perturbs the physical state of the residual
fatty acid chains, but has no detectable
effect (as measured by circular
dichroism spectra) on the average conformation
of the membrane proteins
(2). Such results therefore suggest that
the phospholipids and proteins of
membranes do not interact strongly; in
fact, they appear to be largely independent.
This paradox, that different types of
experiments suggest strong protein-lipid
interactions on the one hand, and weak
or no interactions on the other, can be
resolved in a manner consistent with
all the data if it is proposed that, while
the largest portion of the phospholipid
is in bilayer form and not strongly
coupled to proteins in the membrane,
SCIENCE, VOL. 175
a small fraction of the lipid is more
tightly coupled to protein. With any
one membrane protein, the tightly
coupled lipid might be specific; that is,
the interaction might require that the
phospholipid contain specific fatty acid
chains or particular polar head groups.
There is at present, however, no satisfactory
direct evidence for such a distinctive
lipid fraction. This problem is
considered again in connection with a
discussion of the experiments of Wilson
and Fox (23).
Fluid Mosaic Model
Mosaic structure of the proteins and
lipids of membranes. The thermodynamic
considerations and experimental
results so far discussed fit in with the
idea of a mosaic structure for membranes
(1-3, 24) in which globular molecules
of the integral proteins (perhaps
in particular instances attached to oligosaccharides
to form glycoproteins,
or interacting strongly with specific lipids
to form lipoproteins) alternate with
sections of phospholipid bilayer in the
cross section of the membrane (Fig. 2).
The globular protein molecules are postulated
to be amphipathic (3, 4) as are
the phospholipids. That is, they are
structurallya symmetric,w ith one highly
polar end and one nonpolar end. The
highly polar region is one in which the
ionic amino acid residues and any covalently
bound saccharide residues are
clustered, and which is in contact with
the aqueous phase in the intact membrane;
the nonpolar region is devoid of
ionic and saccharide residues, contains
many of the nonpolar residues, and is
embedded in the hydrophobic interior
of the membrane. The amphipathic
structure adopted by a particular integral
protein (or lipoprotein) molecule,
and therefore the extent to which it is
embedded in the membrane, are under
thermodynamic control; that is, they
are determined by the amino acid sequence
and covalent structure of the
protein, and by its interactions with its
molecular environment, so that the free
energy of the system as a whole is at a
minimum. An integral protein molecule
with the appropriate size and structure,
or a suitable aggregate of integral proteins
(below) may transverse the entire
membrane (3); that is, they have regions
in contact with the aqueous solvent
on both sides of the membrane.
It is clear from these considerations
that different proteins, if they have the
appropriate amino acid sequence to
18 FEBRUARY 1972
adopt an amphipathic structure, can be
integral proteins of membranes; in this
manner, the heterogeneity of the proteins
of most functional membranes can
be rationalized.
The same considerations may also explain
why some proteins are membranebound
and others are freely soluble in
the cytoplasm. The difference may be
that either the amino acid sequence of
the particular protein allows it to adopt
an amphipathic structure or, on the
contrary, to adopt a structure in which
the distributiono f ionic groupsi s nearly
spherically symmetrical, in the lowest
free energy state of the system. If the
ionic distribution on the protein surface
were symmetrical, the protein
would be capable of interacting strongly
with water all over its exterior surface,
that is, it would be a monodisperse soluble
protein.
The mosaic structure can be readily
diversified in several ways. Although
the nature of this diversification is a
matter of speculation, it is important to
recognize that the mosaic structure need
not be restricted by the schematic representation
in Fig. 2. Protein-protein
interactions that are not explicitly considered
in Fig. 2 may be important in
determining the properties of the membrane.
Such interactions may result
either in the specific binding of a
peripheral protein to the exterior exposed
surface of a particular integral
protein or in the association of two or
more integral protein subunits to form
a specific aggregate within the membrane.
These features can be accommodated
in Fig. 2 without any changes
in the basic structure.
The phospholipids of the mosaic
structure are predominantly arranged as
an interrupted bilayer, with their ionic
and polar head groups in contact with
the aqueous phase. As has been discussed,
however, a small portion of the
lipid may be more intimately associated
with the integral proteins. This feature
is not explicitly indicated in Fig. 2. The
thickness of a mosaic membrane would
vary along the surface from that across
a phospholipid bilayer region to that
across a protein region, with an average
value that could be expected to correspond
reasonably well to experimentally
measured membrane thicknesses.
Matrix of the mosaic: lipid or protein?
In the cross section of the mosaic
structure represented in Fig. 2, it is not
indicated whether it is the protein or the
phospholipid that provides the matrix of
the mosaic. In other words, which component
is the mortar, which the bricks?
This question must be answered when
the third dimension of the mosaic structure
is specified. Trhese two types of
mosaic structure may be expected to
have very different structural and functional
properties, and the question is
therefore a critical one. It is our hy-
Fig. 3. The lipid-globulapr roteinm osaic model with a lipid matrix (the fluid mosaic
model); schematic three-dimensional and cross-sectional views. The solid bodies with
stippled surfaces represent the globular integral proteins, which at long range are
randomly distributed in the plane of the membrane. At short range, some may form
specific aggregates, as shown. In cross section and in other details, the legend of
Fig. 2 applies.
723
pothesis that functional cell membranes
have a long-range mosaic structure with
the lipids constituting the matrix, as is
shown in Fig. 3. Supporting evidence is
discussed later. At this point, let us
consider some of the consequences of
this hypothesis.
1) There should generally be no longrange
order in a mosaic membrane with
a lipid matrix. By long range, we mean
over distances of the order of a few
tenths of a micrometer and greater.
Suppose we have a membrane preparation
containing many different protein
species, and suppose further that 10,000
molecules of protein A are present in
the membrane of a single cell or organelle.
How is protein A distributed
over the membrane surface? If the
membrane proteins formed the matrix
of the mosaic, defined by specific contacts
between the molecules of different
integral proteins, protein A might be
distributed in a highly ordered, twodimensional
array on the surface. On
the other hand, if lipid formed the
matrix of the mosaic, there would be no
long-range interactions intrinsic to the
membrane influencing the distribution
of A molecules, and they should therefore
be distributed in an aperiodic random
arrangement on the membrane
surface.
The absence of long-range order
should not be taken to imply an absence
of short-range order in the membrane.
It is very likely that such shortrange
order does exist, as, for example,
among at least some components of the
electron transport chain in the mitochondrial
inner membrane. Such shortrange
order is probably mediated by
specific protein (and perhaps proteinlipid)
interactions leading to the formation
of stoichiometrically defined aggregates
within the membrane. However,
in a mosaic membrane with a
lipid matrix, the long-range distribution
of such aggregates would be expected
to be random over the entire
surface of the membrane.
The objection may immediately be
raised that long-range order clearly
exists in certain cases where differentiated
structures (for example, synapses)
are found within a membrane. We suggest,
in such special cases, either that
short-
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