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George Fletcher Bass, Ph.D.Although

George Fletcher Bass, Ph.D.

Although he began reading everything he could find on diving at an early age, and had more books about the underwater world than about archaeology even when he was a graduate student, George Bass never dreamed that he would ever dive. Certainly not that one day he would receive the Historical Diving Society's Pioneer Award.

His diving began in 1960, shortly after he began doctoral studies in classical archaeology at the University of Pennsylvania. He already had an M.A. in Near Eastern archaeology from The Johns Hopkins University, and between 1955 and 1957 had attended the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, where he gained field experience by assisting on preclassical terrestrial excavations in Greece and Turkey. From 1957 to 1959 he had learned how to direct and take care of people in remote camps while serving as the lieutenant-in-charge of a 30-man U.S. Army detachment in Korea.

So George already had the interest and most of the needed experience when, soon after his arrival in Philadelphia, he was asked by his department chairman if he would learn to dive in order to excavate a Late Bronze Age shipwreck reported by journalist Peter Throckmorton off the Turkish coast. In early 1960, after taking six diving lessons at a local YMCA, he left with Peter for Turkey, where he directed the excavation of the wreck, about a hundred feet deep off Cape Gelidonya. It was the first ancient wreck excavated in its entirety on the seabed, and the first shipwreck excavation directed and published by a diving archaeologist. At the end of the excavation, with permission from the Turkish government, George started a museum of underwater archaeology in the Bodrum castle; now fully Turkish, it is the nation's most visited archaeological museum.

George concluded that the ship, which sank around 1200 B.C. with a cargo of copper and tin ingots, and scrap bronze, was Near Eastern in origin. He further claimed, based on contemporary cuneiform documents and Egyptian tomb paintings, that such ships were common in the Mediterranean, although most scholars then believed that Canaanite, or early Phoenician, maritime commerce began only in the following Iron Age. George believed the Semites had not been recognized because their goods, raw materials like tin, copper, ivory, and gold, left no traces once they reached port and were manufactured into artifacts typical of the importing cultures. His controversial view was widely scorned.

George devoted the rest of the 1960s to the development of new techniques for underwater research while excavating Byzantine, Late Roman and Ottoman shipwrecks at Yassı Ada, Turkey: a submersible decompression chamber without surface support; a method of mapping wrecks by stereo-photogrammetry; and a two-person submersible, the Asherah, launched in 1964, the year he received his doctorate and joined the University of Pennsylvania faculty. To tend Asherah, the first commercially built American research submersible, he acquired on loan from the U.S. Navy an Army T-boat, Virazon, which he shipped to the Aegean. In 1967 his team was the first to locate an ancient wreck with side-scan sonar, a 280-foot-deep site inspected from Asherah.

In 1968, George returned to land to assist the Greek excavation at of a Bronze Age city covered by volcanic ash on the island of Santorini. Then, after another campaign at Yassi Ada, and a sabbatical year at the University of Cambridge, he decided to return to terrestrial archaeology and in 1971 began excavating a preclassical site in southern Italy.

He soon regretted leaving a field with such promise and formed the American Institute of Nautical Archaeology in 1972, when he gave the University of Pennsylvania a year's notice of his resignation. AINA's first field project was a Turkish coastal survey that located a dozen ancient shipwrecks, three since excavated, including a cargo of large jars lost around 1600 B.C. at a place called Sheytan Deresi, or Devil Creek. AINA was based on Cyprus, but war on the island in 1974 forced it to seek another home, which it found at Texas A&M University, with which it affiliated in 1976. Texas A&M in turn initiated a graduate program in nautical archaeology, which George headed until 1993.

AINA, which dropped the "American" to reflect its international staff and board of directors, becoming simply INA, quickly expanded its research to four continents. George began the first excavations of shipwrecks of the American War of Independence, the American Defence in Penobscot Bay, Maine, and one of General Cornwallis’s British ships in the York River, Virginia, before turning them over to other scholars.

Between 1977 and 1979 George excavated at Serçe Limanı, Turkey, an 11th-century A.D. ship with three tons of broken glass; mended from a million shards over 20 years, it is the largest collection of medieval Islamic glass in existence. The site also yielded the largest collections of Byzantine tools and weapons, the world’s oldest dated chess set, and the earliest known modern hull, as opposed to Greco-Roman hulls. In 1979, INA bought the old Virazon and outfitted it with a double-lock recompression chamber and equipment for underwater surveys and excavations.

In 1984, George began excavating a ship lost around 1300 B.C. at Uluburun, Turkey. Its cargo of raw materials—elephant and hippopotamus ivory, nearly 200 glass ingots, half a ton of terebinth resin (used as incense), ebony logs, a ton of tin ingots, and ten tons of copper ingots—as well as Near Eastern personal possessions, provided evidence that George’s theory of Bronze Age Near Eastern trade, presented in his book on the Cape Gelidonya wreck, was likely correct. After 1985, George turned the Uluburun excavation over to graduate student Cemal Pulak, now on the Texas A&M University faculty.

Between 1999 and 2003, George excavated fifth- and six-century B.C. wrecks in Turkey with Deborah Carlson and Elizabeth Greene. During that time, INA acquired the two-person submersible Carolyn and built a 45-foot catamaran to transport, launch and retrieve it. In just one month in 2001, archaeologists in the submersible located 14 wrecks and ten possible wrecks, while revisiting a dozen wrecks known from earlier surveys.

In 1986 George received the Archaeological Institute of America's Gold Medal for Distinguished Archaeological Achievement, and a Lowell Thomas Award from the Explorers Club. The next year he received an honorary doctorate from Boğaziçi University in Istanbul, and in 1998 another from the University of Liverpool. The National Geographic Society awarded him its La Gorce Gold Medal in 1979 and, in 1988, one of its fifteen Centennial Awards. In 1999 he received the JC Harrington Medal from The Society for Historical Archaeology. President George W. Bush presented him with the National Medal of Science in 2002.

George has written or edited ten books and over a hundred articles. He and his wife Ann divide their time between College Station, Texas, and Bodrum, Turkey, where they have a house next to the INA Research Center
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George Fletcher Bass, Ph.D.Although he began reading everything he could find on diving at an early age, and had more books about the underwater world than about archaeology even when he was a graduate student, George Bass never dreamed that he would ever dive. Certainly not that one day he would receive the Historical Diving Society's Pioneer Award.His diving began in 1960, shortly after he began doctoral studies in classical archaeology at the University of Pennsylvania. He already had an M.A. in Near Eastern archaeology from The Johns Hopkins University, and between 1955 and 1957 had attended the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, where he gained field experience by assisting on preclassical terrestrial excavations in Greece and Turkey. From 1957 to 1959 he had learned how to direct and take care of people in remote camps while serving as the lieutenant-in-charge of a 30-man U.S. Army detachment in Korea.So George already had the interest and most of the needed experience when, soon after his arrival in Philadelphia, he was asked by his department chairman if he would learn to dive in order to excavate a Late Bronze Age shipwreck reported by journalist Peter Throckmorton off the Turkish coast. In early 1960, after taking six diving lessons at a local YMCA, he left with Peter for Turkey, where he directed the excavation of the wreck, about a hundred feet deep off Cape Gelidonya. It was the first ancient wreck excavated in its entirety on the seabed, and the first shipwreck excavation directed and published by a diving archaeologist. At the end of the excavation, with permission from the Turkish government, George started a museum of underwater archaeology in the Bodrum castle; now fully Turkish, it is the nation's most visited archaeological museum.George concluded that the ship, which sank around 1200 B.C. with a cargo of copper and tin ingots, and scrap bronze, was Near Eastern in origin. He further claimed, based on contemporary cuneiform documents and Egyptian tomb paintings, that such ships were common in the Mediterranean, although most scholars then believed that Canaanite, or early Phoenician, maritime commerce began only in the following Iron Age. George believed the Semites had not been recognized because their goods, raw materials like tin, copper, ivory, and gold, left no traces once they reached port and were manufactured into artifacts typical of the importing cultures. His controversial view was widely scorned.George devoted the rest of the 1960s to the development of new techniques for underwater research while excavating Byzantine, Late Roman and Ottoman shipwrecks at Yassı Ada, Turkey: a submersible decompression chamber without surface support; a method of mapping wrecks by stereo-photogrammetry; and a two-person submersible, the Asherah, launched in 1964, the year he received his doctorate and joined the University of Pennsylvania faculty. To tend Asherah, the first commercially built American research submersible, he acquired on loan from the U.S. Navy an Army T-boat, Virazon, which he shipped to the Aegean. In 1967 his team was the first to locate an ancient wreck with side-scan sonar, a 280-foot-deep site inspected from Asherah.In 1968, George returned to land to assist the Greek excavation at of a Bronze Age city covered by volcanic ash on the island of Santorini. Then, after another campaign at Yassi Ada, and a sabbatical year at the University of Cambridge, he decided to return to terrestrial archaeology and in 1971 began excavating a preclassical site in southern Italy.He soon regretted leaving a field with such promise and formed the American Institute of Nautical Archaeology in 1972, when he gave the University of Pennsylvania a year's notice of his resignation. AINA's first field project was a Turkish coastal survey that located a dozen ancient shipwrecks, three since excavated, including a cargo of large jars lost around 1600 B.C. at a place called Sheytan Deresi, or Devil Creek. AINA was based on Cyprus, but war on the island in 1974 forced it to seek another home, which it found at Texas A&M University, with which it affiliated in 1976. Texas A&M in turn initiated a graduate program in nautical archaeology, which George headed until 1993.AINA, which dropped the "American" to reflect its international staff and board of directors, becoming simply INA, quickly expanded its research to four continents. George began the first excavations of shipwrecks of the American War of Independence, the American Defence in Penobscot Bay, Maine, and one of General Cornwallis’s British ships in the York River, Virginia, before turning them over to other scholars.Between 1977 and 1979 George excavated at Serçe Limanı, Turkey, an 11th-century A.D. ship with three tons of broken glass; mended from a million shards over 20 years, it is the largest collection of medieval Islamic glass in existence. The site also yielded the largest collections of Byzantine tools and weapons, the world’s oldest dated chess set, and the earliest known modern hull, as opposed to Greco-Roman hulls. In 1979, INA bought the old Virazon and outfitted it with a double-lock recompression chamber and equipment for underwater surveys and excavations.In 1984, George began excavating a ship lost around 1300 B.C. at Uluburun, Turkey. Its cargo of raw materials—elephant and hippopotamus ivory, nearly 200 glass ingots, half a ton of terebinth resin (used as incense), ebony logs, a ton of tin ingots, and ten tons of copper ingots—as well as Near Eastern personal possessions, provided evidence that George’s theory of Bronze Age Near Eastern trade, presented in his book on the Cape Gelidonya wreck, was likely correct. After 1985, George turned the Uluburun excavation over to graduate student Cemal Pulak, now on the Texas A&M University faculty.Between 1999 and 2003, George excavated fifth- and six-century B.C. wrecks in Turkey with Deborah Carlson and Elizabeth Greene. During that time, INA acquired the two-person submersible Carolyn and built a 45-foot catamaran to transport, launch and retrieve it. In just one month in 2001, archaeologists in the submersible located 14 wrecks and ten possible wrecks, while revisiting a dozen wrecks known from earlier surveys. In 1986 George received the Archaeological Institute of America's Gold Medal for Distinguished Archaeological Achievement, and a Lowell Thomas Award from the Explorers Club. The next year he received an honorary doctorate from Boğaziçi University in Istanbul, and in 1998 another from the University of Liverpool. The National Geographic Society awarded him its La Gorce Gold Medal in 1979 and, in 1988, one of its fifteen Centennial Awards. In 1999 he received the JC Harrington Medal from The Society for Historical Archaeology. President George W. Bush presented him with the National Medal of Science in 2002.George has written or edited ten books and over a hundred articles. He and his wife Ann divide their time between College Station, Texas, and Bodrum, Turkey, where they have a house next to the INA Research Center
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George Fletcher Bass, Ph.D. Meskipun ia mulai membaca segala sesuatu yang dia bisa menemukan di menyelam di usia dini, dan memiliki lebih banyak buku tentang dunia bawah laut dari sekitar arkeologi bahkan ketika ia adalah seorang mahasiswa pascasarjana, George Bass pernah bermimpi bahwa ia pernah akan menyelam. Tentu saja tidak bahwa suatu hari ia akan menerima Sejarah Diving Society Pioneer Award. diving dimulai pada 1960, tak lama setelah ia mulai studi doktoral di arkeologi klasik di University of Pennsylvania. Dia sudah memiliki MA dalam arkeologi Timur Dekat dari The Johns Hopkins University, dan antara tahun 1955 dan 1957 telah menghadiri Sekolah Amerika Studi Klasik di Athena, di mana ia memperoleh pengalaman lapangan dengan membantu penggalian terestrial preclassical di Yunani dan Turki. Dari tahun 1957 sampai 1959 ia telah belajar bagaimana untuk mengarahkan dan merawat orang di kamp-kamp terpencil saat menjabat sebagai letnan-in-charge dari 30-man US Army detasemen di Korea. Jadi George sudah bunga dan sebagian besar pengalaman yang diperlukan saat, segera setelah tiba di Philadelphia, ia diminta oleh ketua departemen jika ia akan belajar menyelam untuk menggali sebuah kapal karam Akhir Zaman Perunggu dilaporkan oleh wartawan Peter Coki di lepas pantai Turki. Pada awal 1960, setelah mengambil enam pelajaran menyelam di YMCA lokal, ia meninggalkan dengan Peter untuk Turki, di mana ia memimpin penggalian kecelakaan, sekitar seratus meter dari Cape Gelidonya. Itu adalah bangkai kapal kuno pertama digali secara keseluruhan di dasar laut, dan penggalian kapal karam pertama diarahkan dan diterbitkan oleh arkeolog diving. Pada akhir penggalian, dengan izin dari pemerintah Turki, George mulai museum arkeologi bawah laut di kastil Bodrum; sekarang sepenuhnya Turki, itu adalah yang paling banyak dikunjungi museum arkeologi bangsa. George menyimpulkan bahwa kapal yang tenggelam sekitar 1200 SM dengan muatan tembaga dan timah ingot, dan scrap perunggu, adalah Timur Dekat berasal. Dia lebih lanjut menyatakan, berdasarkan dokumen runcing kontemporer dan lukisan makam Mesir, bahwa kapal tersebut adalah umum di Mediterania, meskipun sebagian ulama kemudian percaya bahwa Kanaan, atau awal Fenisia, perdagangan maritim baru dimulai pada berikut Zaman Besi. George percaya Semit belum diakui karena barang-barang mereka, bahan baku seperti timah, tembaga, gading, dan emas, tidak meninggalkan jejak setelah mereka mencapai pelabuhan dan diproduksi menjadi artefak khas budaya impor. Pandangan kontroversial secara luas diejek. George mengabdikan sisa tahun 1960 untuk pengembangan teknik-teknik baru untuk penelitian bawah air sambil menggali Bizantium, Romawi Akhir dan bangkai kapal Ottoman di Yassı Ada, Turki: ruang dekompresi submersible tanpa dukungan permukaan; metode pemetaan bangkai kapal dengan stereo-fotogrametri; dan kapal selam dua orang, yang Asyera, diluncurkan pada tahun 1964, tahun ia menerima gelar doktor dan bergabung dengan University of Pennsylvania fakultas. Untuk cenderung Asyera, yang dibangun secara komersial submersible penelitian Amerika pertama, ia memperoleh pinjaman dari Angkatan Laut AS Angkatan Darat T-perahu, Virazon, yang dikirim ke Aegean. Pada tahun 1967 timnya adalah yang pertama untuk menemukan sebuah bangkai kapal kuno dengan sisi-scan sonar, situs 280-kaki-mendalam diperiksa dari berhala. Pada tahun 1968, George kembali ke tanah untuk membantu penggalian Yunani di sebuah kota zaman perunggu ditutupi oleh gunung berapi abu di Pulau Santorini. Kemudian, setelah kampanye lain di Yassi Ada, dan cuti panjang di University of Cambridge, ia memutuskan untuk kembali ke arkeologi terestrial dan pada tahun 1971 mulai menggali situs preclassical di Italia selatan. Dia segera menyesal meninggalkan lapangan dengan janji tersebut dan membentuk American Institute of Nautical Archaeology pada tahun 1972, ketika ia memberi University of Pennsylvania pemberitahuan pengunduran dirinya setahun. Proyek lapangan pertama AINA adalah survei pesisir Turki yang terletak belasan bangkai kapal kuno, tiga sejak digali, termasuk kargo guci besar yang hilang sekitar 1600 SM di sebuah tempat bernama Sheytan Deresi, atau Iblis Creek. AINA didasarkan pada Siprus, tetapi perang di pulau pada tahun 1974 dipaksa untuk mencari rumah lain, yang ditemukan di Texas A & M University, dengan yang berafiliasi pada tahun 1976. Texas A & M pada gilirannya memulai program pascasarjana di arkeologi laut, yang dipimpin George hingga 1993. AINA, yang menjatuhkan "Amerika" untuk mencerminkan staf internasional dan dewan direksi, menjadi hanya INA, cepat meluas penelitian untuk empat benua. George mulai penggalian pertama bangkai kapal Perang Kemerdekaan Amerika, Pertahanan Amerika di Penobscot Bay, Maine, dan salah satu dari kapal-kapal Inggris Umum Cornwallis di Sungai York, Virginia, sebelum menyerahkannya kepada ulama lainnya. Antara 1977 dan 1979 George digali di Serce Limani, Turki, kapal AD abad ke-11 dengan tiga ton pecahan kaca; diperbaiki dari satu juta pecahan lebih dari 20 tahun, itu adalah koleksi terbesar kaca Islam abad pertengahan yang ada. Situs ini juga menghasilkan koleksi terbesar alat Bizantium dan senjata, tertua tanggal set catur dunia, dan dikenal lambung yang modern awal, sebagai lawan lambung Yunani-Romawi. Pada tahun 1979, INA membeli Virazon tua dan dilengkapi dengan double-kunci recompression ruang dan peralatan untuk survei bawah air dan penggalian. Pada tahun 1984, George mulai menggali kapal hilang sekitar 1300 SM di Uluburun, Turki. Kargo dari bahan baku-gajah dan kuda nil gading, hampir 200 ingot kaca, setengah ton resin beringin (digunakan sebagai dupa), log ebony, satu ton ingot timah, dan sepuluh ton tembaga ingot-serta Timur Dekat pribadi harta, memberikan bukti bahwa teori George perdagangan Zaman Perunggu Timur Dekat, yang disajikan dalam bukunya tentang kecelakaan Cape Gelidonya, kemungkinan benar. Setelah tahun 1985, George berbalik penggalian Uluburun ke lulus mahasiswa Cemal pulak, sekarang di Texas A & M University fakultas. Antara tahun 1999 dan 2003, George digali fifth- dan abad enam kecelakaan SM di Turki dengan Deborah Carlson dan Elizabeth Greene. Selama waktu itu, INA mengakuisisi dua orang submersible Carolyn dan membangun catamaran 45-kaki untuk transportasi, peluncuran dan mengambilnya. Hanya dalam satu bulan pada tahun 2001, arkeolog dalam submersible yang terletak 14 bangkai kapal dan sepuluh kemungkinan bangkai kapal, sementara meninjau selusin bangkai kapal yang diketahui dari survei sebelumnya. Pada tahun 1986 George menerima Balai Arkeologi Medali Emas Amerika untuk Prestasi Arkeologi Distinguished, dan Lowell Thomas Penghargaan dari Explorers Club. Tahun berikutnya ia menerima gelar doktor kehormatan dari Universitas Boğaziçi di Istanbul, dan pada tahun 1998 lain dari University of Liverpool. The National Geographic Society diberikan kepadanya nya La Gorce Medali Emas pada tahun 1979 dan, pada tahun 1988, salah satu dari lima belas yang Centennial Awards. Pada tahun 1999 ia menerima JC Harrington Medal dari Masyarakat untuk Arkeologi Sejarah. Presiden George W. Bush disajikan dengan National Medal of Science pada tahun 2002. George telah menulis atau diedit sepuluh buku dan lebih dari seratus artikel. Dia dan istrinya Ann membagi waktu antara College Station, Texas, dan Bodrum, Turki, di mana mereka memiliki rumah sebelah Research Center INA

























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