It has been observed that a high vo

It has been observed that a high volume of trade occurs among regions even with access to a similar technology and mix of factor inputs, including high-income countries. This has led to investigation of economies of scale and agglomeration to explain specialization in similar but differentiated product lines, to the overall benefit of respective trading parties or regions.[32]
The general theory of specialization applies to trade among individuals, farms, manufacturers, service providers, and economies. Among each of these production systems, there may be a corresponding division of labour with different work groups specializing, or correspondingly different types of capital equipment and differentiated land uses.[33]
An example that combines features above is a country that specializes in the production of high-tech knowledge products, as developed countries do, and trades with developing nations for goods produced in factories where labour is relatively cheap and plentiful, resulting in different in opportunity costs of production. More total output and utility thereby results from specializing in production and trading than if each country produced its own high-tech and low-tech products.
Theory and observation set out the conditions such that market prices of outputs and productive inputs select an allocation of factor inputs by comparative advantage, so that (relatively) low-cost inputs go to producing low-cost outputs. In the process, aggregate output may increase as a by-product or by design.[34] Such specialization of production creates opportunities for gains from trade whereby resource owners benefit from trade in the sale of one type of output for other, more highly valued goods. A measure of gains from trade is the increased income levels that trade may facilitate.[35]

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1:

Telah diamati bahwa volume tinggi perdagangan terjadi antara daerah bahkan dengan akses ke teknologi serupa dan campuran masukan faktor, termasuk negara-negara berpenghasilan tinggi. Hal ini telah menyebabkan penyelidikan ekonomi skala dan aglomerasi menjelaskan spesialisasi di lini produk serupa tapi dibedakan, untuk keuntungan keseluruhan perdagangan masing-masing pihak atau wilayah. [32]Teori umum spesialisasi berlaku untuk perdagangan antara individu, peternakan, produsen, penyedia layanan, dan ekonomi. Di antara masing-masing sistem produksi, mungkin ada pembagian tugas sesuai dengan kelompok-kelompok kerja yang berbeda mengkhususkan, atau sejalan berbeda jenis peralatan modal dan penggunaan lahan dibedakan. [33]Contoh yang menggabungkan fitur di atas adalah sebuah negara yang mengkhususkan diri dalam produksi produk berteknologi tinggi pengetahuan, seperti negara-negara maju, dan perdagangan dengan negara-negara untuk barang berkembang diproduksi di pabrik-pabrik di mana tenaga kerja relatif murah dan berlimpah, mengakibatkan berbeda dalam kesempatan biaya produksi. Lebih total output dan utilitas sehingga hasil dari mengkhususkan diri dalam produksi dan perdagangan daripada jika masing-masing negara menghasilkan produk sendiri berteknologi tinggi dan berteknologi rendah.Theory and observation set out the conditions such that market prices of outputs and productive inputs select an allocation of factor inputs by comparative advantage, so that (relatively) low-cost inputs go to producing low-cost outputs. In the process, aggregate output may increase as a by-product or by design.[34] Such specialization of production creates opportunities for gains from trade whereby resource owners benefit from trade in the sale of one type of output for other, more highly valued goods. A measure of gains from trade is the increased income levels that trade may facilitate.[35]