Magic is not only human in its embodiment, but also in itssubject-matt terjemahan - Magic is not only human in its embodiment, but also in itssubject-matt Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

Magic is not only human in its embo

Magic is not only human in its embodiment, but also in its
subject-matter: it refers principally to human activities and
states, hunting, gardening, fishing, trading, love-making, disease,
and death. It is not directed so much to nature as to man's
relation to nature and to the human activities which affect it.
Moreover, the effects of magic are usually conceived not as a
product of nature influenced by the charm, but as something
specially magical, something which nature cannot produce, but
only the power of magic. The graver forms of disease, love in
its passionate phases, the desire for a ceremonial exchange and
other similar manifestations in the human organism and mind,
are the direct product of the spell and rite. Magic is thus not
derived from an observation of nature or knowledge of its laws,
it is a primeval possession of man to be known only through
tradition and affirming man's autonomous power of creating
desired ends.
Thus, the force of magic is not a universal force residing
everywhere, flowing where it will or it is willed to. Magic is the
56
MAGIC, SCIENCE, and RELIGION
one and only specific power, a force unique of its kind, residing
exclusively in man, let loose only by his magical art, gushing out
with his voice, conveyed by the casting forth of the rite.
It may be here mentioned that the human body, being the
receptacle of magic and the channel of its flow, must be submitted
to various conditions. Thus the magician has to keep all
sorts of taboos, or else the spell might be injured, especially as in
certain parts of the world, in Melanesia for instance, the spell
resides in the magician's belly, which is the seat of memory as
well as of food. When necessary it is summoned up to the
larynx, which is the seat of intelligence, and thence sent forth
by the voice, the main organ of the human mind. Thus, not
only is magic an essentially human possession, but it is literally
and actually enshrined in man and can be handed on only from
man to man, according to very strict rules of magical filiation,
initiation, and instruction. It is thus never conceived as a force
of nature, residing in things, acting independently of man, to be
found out and learned by him, by any of those proceedings by
which he gains his ordinary knowledge of nature.
3. Mana and the Virtue of Magic
The obvious result of this is that all the theories which lay
mana and similar conceptions at the basis of magic are pointing
altogether in the wrong direction. For if the virtue of magic is
exclusively localized in man, can be wielded by him only under
very special conditions and in a traditionally prescribed manner,
it certainly is not a force such as the one described by Dr.
Codrington: "This mana is not fixed in anything and can be
conveyed in almost anything." Mana also "acts in all ways for
good and evil . . . shows itself in physical force or in any kind
of power and excellence which a man possesses." Now it is clear
that this force as described by Codrington is almost the exact
opposite of the magical virtue as found embodied in the mythology
of savages, in their behavior, and in the structure of their
magical formulas. For the real virtue of magic, as I know it
from Melanesia, is fixed only in the spell and in its rite, and it
cannot be "conveyed in" anything, but can be conveyed only
57
MAGIC, SCIENCE, and RELIGION
by its strictly defined procedure. It never acts "in all ways,"
but only in ways specified by tradition. It never shows itself in
physical force, while its effect upon the powers and excellences
of man are strictly limited and defined.
And again, the similar conception found among the North
American Indians cannot have anything to do with the specialized
concrete virtue of magic. For of the ivakan of the Dakota
we read "all life is wakan. So also is everything which exhibits
power, whether in action, as the winds and drifting clouds, or
in passive endurance, as the boulder by the wayside. . . . It embraces
all mystery, all secret power, all divinity." Of the orenda,
a word taken from the Iroquois, we are told: "This potence is
held to be the property of all things . . . the rocks, the waters,
the tides, the plants and the trees, the animals and man, the
wind and the storms, the clouds and the thunders and the lightnings
. . . by the inchoate mentality of man, it is regarded
as the efficient cause of all phenomena, all the activities of his
environment/*
After what has been established about the essence of magical
power, it hardly needs emphasizing that there is little in common
between the concepts of the mana type and the special virtue of
magical spell and rite. We have seen that the key-note of all
magical belief is the sharp distinction between the traditional
force of magic on the one hand and the other forces and powers
with which man and nature are endowed. The conceptions of
the wakan, orenda, and mana class which include all sorts of
forces and powers, besides that of magic, are simply an example
of an early generalization of a crude metaphysical concept such
as is found in several other savage words also, extremely important
for our knowledge of primitive mentality but, as far as our
present data go, opening only a problem as to the relation between
the early concepts of "force," "the supernatural," and "the
virtue of magic." It is impossible to decide, with the summary
information at our disposal, what is the primary meaning of
these compound concepts: that of physical force and that of
supernatural efficiency. In the American concepts the emphasis
seems to be on the former, in the Oceanic on the latter. What I
58
MAGIC, SCIENCE, and RELIGION
want to make clear is that in all the attempts to understand
native mentality it is necessary to study and describe the types of
behavior first and to explain their vocabulary by their customs
and their life. There is no more fallacious guide of knowledge
than language, and in anthropology the "ontological argument"
is specially dangerous.
It was necessary to enter into this probem in detail, for the
theory of mana as the essence of primitive magic and religion
has been so brilliantly advocated and so recklessly handled that
it must be realized first that our knowledge of the mana, notably
in Melanesia, is somewhat contradictory, and especially that we
have hardly any data at all showing just how this conception
enters into religious or magical cult and belief.
One thing is certain: magic is not born of an abstract conception
of universal power, subsequently applied to concrete
^.ases. It has undoubtedly arisen independently in a nurobei of
actual situations. Each type of magic, born of its own situation
and of the emotional tension thereof, is due to the spontaneous
flow of ideas and the spontaneous reaction of man. It is the
uniformity of the mental process in each case which has led to
certain universal features of magic and to the general conceptions
which we find at the basis of man's magical thought and
behavior. It will be necessary to give now an analysis of the
situations of magic and the experiences which they provoke.
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Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1: [Salinan]
Disalin!
Sihir ini tidak hanya manusia dalam perwujudan yang, tetapi juga dalam nya
subjek-materi: ini terutama mengacu pada kegiatan manusia dan
Serikat, berburu, berkebun, Memancing, perdagangan, bercinta, penyakit,
dan kematian. Itu tidak ditujukan jauh ke alam untuk manusia
hubungan dengan alam dan kegiatan manusia yang mempengaruhi itu
Selain itu, efek sihir biasanya dipahami bukan sebagai
Produk alam yang dipengaruhi oleh pesona, tetapi sebagai sesuatu
khusus magis, sesuatu alam yang tidak dapat menghasilkan, tetapi
hanya kekuatan sihir. Merehabilitasi bentuk penyakit, cinta di
fasanya yang bergairah, keinginan untuk pertukaran upacara dan
manifestasi serupa dalam organisme manusia dan pikiran,
adalah produk langsung dari mantra dan Ritus. Sihir bukanlah
berasal dari pengamatan alam atau pengetahuan tentang undang-undang,
itu adalah milik purba laki-laki dikenal hanya melalui
tradisi dan menegaskan otonom tenaga menciptakan
diinginkan berakhir.
dengan demikian, kekuatan sihir bukanlah universal memaksa tinggal
mana-mana, mengalir mana akan atau itu menghendaki untuk. Magic adalah
56
SIHIR, ilmu pengetahuan dan agama
satu dan hanya daya spesifik, sebuah kekuatan yang unik dari jenisnya, berada
secara eksklusif dalam manusia, melepaskan hanya dengan seni magis nya, memancar keluar
dengan suaranya, disampaikan oleh casting keluar dari Ritus.
mungkin di sini disebutkan bahwa tubuh manusia, menjadi
wadah sihir dan saluran aliran, harus diserahkan
berbagai kondisi. Dengan demikian penyihir telah menyimpan semua
macam tabu, atau lain mantra mungkin terluka, terutama seperti dalam
bagian-bagian tertentu di dunia, di Melanesia misalnya, Mantra
berada di perut penyihir, yang merupakan tempat memori sebagai
baik pada makanan. Bila diperlukan itu dipanggil hingga
laring, yang merupakan ibukota intelijen, dan dari situ mengutus
oleh suara, organ utama pikiran manusia. Dengan demikian, tidak
hanya adalah magic kepemilikan pada dasarnya manusia, tetapi secara harfiah
dan benar-benar diabadikan dalam manusia dan dapat diserahkan hanya dari
manusia ke manusia, menurut aturan yang sangat ketat dari keturunan magis,
inisiasi, dan instruksi. Hal ini sehingga tidak pernah dipahami sebagai kekuatan
alam, berada dalam hal, bertindak secara independen dari manusia, untuk menjadi
tahu dan belajar oleh-Nya, oleh salah satu proses tersebut oleh
yang didapatnya biasa pengetahuan tentang sifat
3. Mana dan kebaikan sihir
hasil jelas ini adalah bahwa semua teori-teori yang meletakkan
mana dan konsepsi yang sama di dasar sihir menunjuk
sama sekali dalam arah yang salah. Jika keutamaan sihir adalah
eksklusif dilokalisasi dalam manusia, dapat dimanfaatkan oleh dia hanya di bawah
kondisi khusus dan secara tradisional diresepkan,
ini tidak berlaku seperti yang dijelaskan oleh Dr.
Codrington: "mana ini tidak tetap dalam segala hal dan dapat
disampaikan dalam hampir semua hal." Mana juga "bertindak dalam semua cara untuk
baik dan jahat... menunjukkan diri dalam kekuatan fisik atau apapun
kekuasaan dan keunggulan yang memiliki seorang laki-laki." Sekarang jelas
bahwa pasukan ini seperti yang dijelaskan oleh Codrington adalah hampir persis
kebalikan dari ciri-ciri ajaib seperti yang ditemukan diwujudkan dalam mitologi
dari liar, dalam perilaku mereka, dan struktur mereka
rumus ajaib. Untuk keutamaan nyata sihir, yang saya tahu itu
dari Melanesia, adalah tetap hanya di Mantra dan dalam Ritus yang, dan
tidak dapat "disampaikan dalam" apa-apa, tetapi dapat disampaikan hanya
57
SIHIR, ilmu pengetahuan dan agama
oleh prosedur didefinisikan secara ketat. Itu tidak pernah bertindak "dalam segala hal,"
tetapi hanya dalam cara-cara yang ditentukan oleh tradisi. Itu tidak pernah menunjukkan dirinya dalam
kekuatan fisik, sementara efeknya pada kekuatan dan keunggulan
manusia benar-benar terbatas dan didefinisikan.
dan sekali lagi, konsep serupa ditemukan antara Utara
Indian Amerika tidak ada hubungannya dengan khusus
beton kebajikan sihir. Untuk dari ivakan Dakota
kita membaca "semua kehidupan adalah wakan. Begitu juga adalah segalanya yang memamerkan
kekuasaan, baik dalam tindakan, seperti angin dan awan Mendung, atau
dalam ketahanan pasif, sebagai boulder di pinggir.... Ini mencakup
semua misteri, semua kekuatan rahasia, Semua keilahian. " Dari orenda,
kata yang diambil dari Iroquois, kita diberitahu: "saing ini adalah
dipercayai milik semua hal... batu, air,
gelombang, tanaman dan pohon-pohon, binatang dan manusia,
angin dan badai, awan guruh dan kilat
... oleh mentalitas inchoate manusia, itu dianggap
sebagai penyebab efisien semua fenomena, Semua kegiatan nya
lingkungan / *
setelah apa yang telah ditetapkan tentang inti magis
daya, tidak perlu menekankan bahwa ada sedikit kesamaan
antara konsep-konsep jenis mana dan keutamaan khusus
mantra magis dan Ritus. Kita telah melihat bahwa catatan kunci dari semua
keyakinan magis adalah perbedaan tajam antara tradisional
kekuatan sihir di satu sisi dan yang lain kekuatan dan kekuasaan
dengan manusia dan alam yang dikaruniai. Proses penciptaan
kelas wakan, orenda, dan mana yang meliputi segala macam dari
kekuatan dan kekuasaan, Selain itu sihir, adalah hanya sebuah contoh
dari generalisasi awal mentah metafisik konsep seperti
seperti yang ditemukan dalam beberapa kata-kata buas lain juga, sangat penting
untuk pengetahuan kita mentalitas primitif, tetapi sejauh kami
menunjukkan data pergi, buka hanya masalah mengenai hubungan antara
konsep-konsep awal "kekuatan," "supranatural," dan "
kebajikan sihir."Mustahil untuk memutuskan, dengan ringkasan
informasi yang kita miliki, apakah makna utama
ini senyawa konsep: kekuatan fisik dan bahwa
supranatural efisiensi. Dalam konsep-konsep Amerika penekanan
tampaknya bekas, dalam Oceanic yang kedua. Apa yang saya
58
SIHIR, ilmu pengetahuan dan agama
ingin membuat jelas adalah bahwa dalam semua upaya untuk memahami
mentalitas asli yang diperlukan untuk belajar dan menjelaskan jenis
perilaku pertama dan untuk menjelaskan kosa oleh adat mereka
dan kehidupan mereka. Ada lagi keliru panduan pengetahuan
daripada bahasa, dan dalam antropologi "argumen ontologis"
khusus berbahaya.
itu diperlukan untuk masuk ke dalam probem ini secara rinci, untuk
teori dari mana sebagai inti primitif sihir dan agama
telah telah sangat cemerlang menganjurkan dan jadi sembrono menangani yang
harus menyadari pertama yang pengetahuan kita sambilan, terutama
di Melanesia, agak kontradiksi, dan terutama bahwa kita
memiliki hampir tidak ada data yang sama sekali menunjukkan betapa konsep
memasuki kultus keagamaan atau magis dan keyakinan.
satu hal pasti: sihir tidak lahir dari konsepsi abstrak
daya universal, yang kemudian diterapkan ke beton

.ases. Tidak diragukan lagi telah muncul secara mandiri di nurobei dari
situasi aktual. Setiap jenis sihir, lahir dari situasi sendiri
dan ketegangan emosional daripadanya, adalah karena spontan
aliran ide-ide dan reaksi spontan manusia. Hal ini
keseragaman proses mental dalam setiap kasus yang telah menyebabkan
fitur tertentu universal sihir dan konsepsi umum
yang kita temukan di dasar pemikiran magis manusia dan
perilaku. Akan diperlukan untuk memberikan sekarang analisis
situasi sihir dan pengalaman yang mereka memancing.
Sedang diterjemahkan, harap tunggu..
Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:[Salinan]
Disalin!
Magic is not only human in its embodiment, but also in its
subject-matter: it refers principally to human activities and
states, hunting, gardening, fishing, trading, love-making, disease,
and death. It is not directed so much to nature as to man's
relation to nature and to the human activities which affect it.
Moreover, the effects of magic are usually conceived not as a
product of nature influenced by the charm, but as something
specially magical, something which nature cannot produce, but
only the power of magic. The graver forms of disease, love in
its passionate phases, the desire for a ceremonial exchange and
other similar manifestations in the human organism and mind,
are the direct product of the spell and rite. Magic is thus not
derived from an observation of nature or knowledge of its laws,
it is a primeval possession of man to be known only through
tradition and affirming man's autonomous power of creating
desired ends.
Thus, the force of magic is not a universal force residing
everywhere, flowing where it will or it is willed to. Magic is the
56
MAGIC, SCIENCE, and RELIGION
one and only specific power, a force unique of its kind, residing
exclusively in man, let loose only by his magical art, gushing out
with his voice, conveyed by the casting forth of the rite.
It may be here mentioned that the human body, being the
receptacle of magic and the channel of its flow, must be submitted
to various conditions. Thus the magician has to keep all
sorts of taboos, or else the spell might be injured, especially as in
certain parts of the world, in Melanesia for instance, the spell
resides in the magician's belly, which is the seat of memory as
well as of food. When necessary it is summoned up to the
larynx, which is the seat of intelligence, and thence sent forth
by the voice, the main organ of the human mind. Thus, not
only is magic an essentially human possession, but it is literally
and actually enshrined in man and can be handed on only from
man to man, according to very strict rules of magical filiation,
initiation, and instruction. It is thus never conceived as a force
of nature, residing in things, acting independently of man, to be
found out and learned by him, by any of those proceedings by
which he gains his ordinary knowledge of nature.
3. Mana and the Virtue of Magic
The obvious result of this is that all the theories which lay
mana and similar conceptions at the basis of magic are pointing
altogether in the wrong direction. For if the virtue of magic is
exclusively localized in man, can be wielded by him only under
very special conditions and in a traditionally prescribed manner,
it certainly is not a force such as the one described by Dr.
Codrington: "This mana is not fixed in anything and can be
conveyed in almost anything." Mana also "acts in all ways for
good and evil . . . shows itself in physical force or in any kind
of power and excellence which a man possesses." Now it is clear
that this force as described by Codrington is almost the exact
opposite of the magical virtue as found embodied in the mythology
of savages, in their behavior, and in the structure of their
magical formulas. For the real virtue of magic, as I know it
from Melanesia, is fixed only in the spell and in its rite, and it
cannot be "conveyed in" anything, but can be conveyed only
57
MAGIC, SCIENCE, and RELIGION
by its strictly defined procedure. It never acts "in all ways,"
but only in ways specified by tradition. It never shows itself in
physical force, while its effect upon the powers and excellences
of man are strictly limited and defined.
And again, the similar conception found among the North
American Indians cannot have anything to do with the specialized
concrete virtue of magic. For of the ivakan of the Dakota
we read "all life is wakan. So also is everything which exhibits
power, whether in action, as the winds and drifting clouds, or
in passive endurance, as the boulder by the wayside. . . . It embraces
all mystery, all secret power, all divinity." Of the orenda,
a word taken from the Iroquois, we are told: "This potence is
held to be the property of all things . . . the rocks, the waters,
the tides, the plants and the trees, the animals and man, the
wind and the storms, the clouds and the thunders and the lightnings
. . . by the inchoate mentality of man, it is regarded
as the efficient cause of all phenomena, all the activities of his
environment/*
After what has been established about the essence of magical
power, it hardly needs emphasizing that there is little in common
between the concepts of the mana type and the special virtue of
magical spell and rite. We have seen that the key-note of all
magical belief is the sharp distinction between the traditional
force of magic on the one hand and the other forces and powers
with which man and nature are endowed. The conceptions of
the wakan, orenda, and mana class which include all sorts of
forces and powers, besides that of magic, are simply an example
of an early generalization of a crude metaphysical concept such
as is found in several other savage words also, extremely important
for our knowledge of primitive mentality but, as far as our
present data go, opening only a problem as to the relation between
the early concepts of "force," "the supernatural," and "the
virtue of magic." It is impossible to decide, with the summary
information at our disposal, what is the primary meaning of
these compound concepts: that of physical force and that of
supernatural efficiency. In the American concepts the emphasis
seems to be on the former, in the Oceanic on the latter. What I
58
MAGIC, SCIENCE, and RELIGION
want to make clear is that in all the attempts to understand
native mentality it is necessary to study and describe the types of
behavior first and to explain their vocabulary by their customs
and their life. There is no more fallacious guide of knowledge
than language, and in anthropology the "ontological argument"
is specially dangerous.
It was necessary to enter into this probem in detail, for the
theory of mana as the essence of primitive magic and religion
has been so brilliantly advocated and so recklessly handled that
it must be realized first that our knowledge of the mana, notably
in Melanesia, is somewhat contradictory, and especially that we
have hardly any data at all showing just how this conception
enters into religious or magical cult and belief.
One thing is certain: magic is not born of an abstract conception
of universal power, subsequently applied to concrete
^.ases. It has undoubtedly arisen independently in a nurobei of
actual situations. Each type of magic, born of its own situation
and of the emotional tension thereof, is due to the spontaneous
flow of ideas and the spontaneous reaction of man. It is the
uniformity of the mental process in each case which has led to
certain universal features of magic and to the general conceptions
which we find at the basis of man's magical thought and
behavior. It will be necessary to give now an analysis of the
situations of magic and the experiences which they provoke.
Sedang diterjemahkan, harap tunggu..
 
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