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A. What is Course Designa. Definiti

A. What is Course Design
a. Definition
The procces by which information about learning needs and learning theories is interpreted to produce materials depending on syllabus to develop methodology for teaching to establish evaluation procedure in order lead the learner to detain the state of knowledge.
b. Aim
1. To lead the learners to a particular state of knowledge. This entails the use of the theoretical and empirical information available to produce a syllabus.
2. To develop a methodology for teaching those materials and to establish evaluation procedures by which progress towards the specified goals will be measured.
There are probably as many different approaches to ESP course design as there are course design. We can, however identify three main types :
1. Language-centered course design
It’s Aim to draw direct connection between target situation and the content of ESP course. It depends on target situation and needs of knowledge to identify the linguistic features of the target situation, then create a syllabus after those materials are designed and evaluation procedures. .
It procceds as follows :
At fisrt sight, this may seems to be a very logical procedure. It starts with the learner, procceds through various stages of analysis to a syllabus thence to material of syllabus items. However, logical and straightfoward as it may seem, ut has a number of weaknesses :
a. It starts from the learner and their needs . It might be considered a learner-centred approach. The learner is simply used as a means of identifying the target situation.
b. It is a static and inflexible procedure, which can take little account of the conflicts and contradictions that are inherent in any human endeavour.
c. It appears to be systematic.
d. It gives no acknowledgement to factors which must inevitably play a part in the creation of any course. Data is not important in itself.
e. The lg-centred analysis of target situation data is only at the surface level . It reveals very little about the competence that underlies the performance.
This course design fails to recognise the fact that, learners being people, learning is not a straightforward, logical process. A lg-centred approach says: ‘ This is the nature of the target situation performance and that will determine the ESP course.’
2. skills-centered course design
It is a reaction both to the idea of specific registers of English as a basis for ESP and to the practical constraints on learning imposed by limited time and resources. Its aim is not to provide a specified corpus of linguistic knowledge but to make the learners into better processors of information.
The skills-centered approach is founded on two fundamental principles, one theoretical, and one pragmatic:
a) The basic theoretical hypothesis is that underlying any language behavior are certain skills and strategies, which the learner uses in order to produce or comprehend discourse.
b) The pragmatic basis for the skills-centered approach derives from a distinction made by Widdowson (1981) between goal-oriented courses and process-oriented courses.
This course design fails to recognise the fact that, learners being people, learning is not a straightforward, logical process. A lg-centred approach says: ‘ This is the nature of the target situation performance and that will determine the ESP course.’
Holmes (1982) points out that the main problem in ESP is usually one of time available and student experience.
v First, the aims may be defined in terms of what is desirable, for example to able to read in the literature of the students specialism, but there may be nowhere near enough time to reach this aim during the period of the course.
v Secondly, the students may be in their first year of studies with little experience of the literature of their specialism.
In experience it sees the ESP course as helping learners to develop after ESP course itself. It is not provide a specific corpus of linguistic knowledge but to take the learners into better processors of information. The role of need analysis in a skills –centered approach is twofold.
v Firstly it provides a basis for discovering the underlying competence that enables people to perform in the target situation.
v Secondly, it enables the course designer to discover the potential knowledge and abilities that the learners bring to the ESP classroom.
The skills-centered approach, therefore, can certainly claim to take the learner more into account than the language-centered approach:
v It views language in terms of how the mind of the learner processes it rather than as an entity in itself.
v It tries to build on the positive factors that the learners bring to the course, rather than just on the negative idea of “lacks”.
v It frames its objectives in open-ended terms, so enabling learners to achieve at least something.
A skills-centred approach says: ‘we must look behind the target perf


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A. What is Course Designa. DefinitionThe procces by which information about learning needs and learning theories is interpreted to produce materials depending on syllabus to develop methodology for teaching to establish evaluation procedure in order lead the learner to detain the state of knowledge.b. Aim1. To lead the learners to a particular state of knowledge. This entails the use of the theoretical and empirical information available to produce a syllabus.2. To develop a methodology for teaching those materials and to establish evaluation procedures by which progress towards the specified goals will be measured.There are probably as many different approaches to ESP course design as there are course design. We can, however identify three main types :1. Language-centered course designIt’s Aim to draw direct connection between target situation and the content of ESP course. It depends on target situation and needs of knowledge to identify the linguistic features of the target situation, then create a syllabus after those materials are designed and evaluation procedures. .It procceds as follows :At fisrt sight, this may seems to be a very logical procedure. It starts with the learner, procceds through various stages of analysis to a syllabus thence to material of syllabus items. However, logical and straightfoward as it may seem, ut has a number of weaknesses :a. It starts from the learner and their needs . It might be considered a learner-centred approach. The learner is simply used as a means of identifying the target situation.b. It is a static and inflexible procedure, which can take little account of the conflicts and contradictions that are inherent in any human endeavour.c. It appears to be systematic.d. It gives no acknowledgement to factors which must inevitably play a part in the creation of any course. Data is not important in itself.e. The lg-centred analysis of target situation data is only at the surface level . It reveals very little about the competence that underlies the performance.This course design fails to recognise the fact that, learners being people, learning is not a straightforward, logical process. A lg-centred approach says: ‘ This is the nature of the target situation performance and that will determine the ESP course.’2. skills-centered course designIt is a reaction both to the idea of specific registers of English as a basis for ESP and to the practical constraints on learning imposed by limited time and resources. Its aim is not to provide a specified corpus of linguistic knowledge but to make the learners into better processors of information.The skills-centered approach is founded on two fundamental principles, one theoretical, and one pragmatic:a) The basic theoretical hypothesis is that underlying any language behavior are certain skills and strategies, which the learner uses in order to produce or comprehend discourse.b) The pragmatic basis for the skills-centered approach derives from a distinction made by Widdowson (1981) between goal-oriented courses and process-oriented courses.This course design fails to recognise the fact that, learners being people, learning is not a straightforward, logical process. A lg-centred approach says: ‘ This is the nature of the target situation performance and that will determine the ESP course.’Holmes (1982) points out that the main problem in ESP is usually one of time available and student experience.v First, the aims may be defined in terms of what is desirable, for example to able to read in the literature of the students specialism, but there may be nowhere near enough time to reach this aim during the period of the course.v Secondly, the students may be in their first year of studies with little experience of the literature of their specialism.In experience it sees the ESP course as helping learners to develop after ESP course itself. It is not provide a specific corpus of linguistic knowledge but to take the learners into better processors of information. The role of need analysis in a skills –centered approach is twofold.v Firstly it provides a basis for discovering the underlying competence that enables people to perform in the target situation.v Secondly, it enables the course designer to discover the potential knowledge and abilities that the learners bring to the ESP classroom.The skills-centered approach, therefore, can certainly claim to take the learner more into account than the language-centered approach:v It views language in terms of how the mind of the learner processes it rather than as an entity in itself.v It tries to build on the positive factors that the learners bring to the course, rather than just on the negative idea of “lacks”.v It frames its objectives in open-ended terms, so enabling learners to achieve at least something.A skills-centred approach says: ‘we must look behind the target perf
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A. Apa Course Desain
a. Definisi
tersebut procces dimana informasi tentang kebutuhan belajar dan teori belajar ditafsirkan untuk menghasilkan bahan tergantung pada silabus untuk mengembangkan metodologi untuk mengajar untuk membangun prosedur evaluasi dalam rangka memimpin pelajar untuk menahan keadaan pengetahuan.
B. Bertujuan
1. Untuk memimpin peserta didik untuk keadaan tertentu pengetahuan. Ini memerlukan penggunaan informasi teoritis dan empiris yang ada untuk menghasilkan silabus.
2. Untuk mengembangkan metodologi untuk mengajar materi tersebut dan untuk menetapkan prosedur evaluasi oleh kemajuan terhadap tujuan yang ditetapkan akan diukur.
Mungkin ada banyak pendekatan yang berbeda untuk ESP desain saja karena ada desain saja. Kami bisa, bagaimanapun mengidentifikasi tiga jenis utama:
1. Bahasa berpusat kursus desain
Ini Bertujuan untuk menarik hubungan langsung antara situasi target dan isi ESP saja. Hal ini tergantung pada situasi target dan perlu pengetahuan untuk mengidentifikasi fitur linguistik dari situasi sasaran, kemudian membuat silabus setelah bahan-bahan yang dirancang dan prosedur evaluasi. .
Ini Pencairan sebagai berikut:
Pada pandangan fisrt, Mei ini tampaknya menjadi prosedur yang sangat logis. Dimulai dengan peserta didik, Pencairan melalui berbagai tahapan analisis ke situ silabus untuk materi item silabus. Namun, logis dan straightfoward karena mungkin tampak, ut memiliki sejumlah kelemahan:
a. Dimulai dari pelajar dan kebutuhan mereka. Mungkin dianggap pendekatan berpusat pada peserta didik. Pelajar hanya digunakan sebagai cara untuk mengidentifikasi situasi sasaran.
B. Ini adalah prosedur statis dan tidak fleksibel, yang dapat mengambil sedikit akun dari konflik dan kontradiksi yang melekat dalam setiap usaha manusia.
C. Tampaknya menjadi sistematis.
D. Ini tidak memberikan pengakuan faktor yang mau tidak mau harus berperan dalam penciptaan setiap kursus. Data tidak penting dalam dirinya sendiri.
E. Analisis lg berpusat data situasi target hanya pada tingkat permukaan. Mengungkapkan sedikit tentang kompetensi yang mendasari kinerja.
Desain Kursus ini gagal untuk mengakui kenyataan bahwa, peserta didik menjadi orang, belajar bukanlah proses yang mudah, logis. Pendekatan lg berpusat mengatakan: 'ini adalah sifat kinerja situasi target dan yang akan menentukan ESP saja. "
2. keterampilan yang berpusat saja merancang
Ini adalah reaksi baik dengan ide register spesifik bahasa Inggris sebagai dasar untuk ESP dan kendala praktis tentang pembelajaran yang dikenakan oleh waktu dan sumber daya yang terbatas. Tujuannya adalah untuk tidak memberikan corpus tertentu pengetahuan linguistik tetapi untuk membuat peserta didik menjadi prosesor yang lebih baik informasi.
Keterampilan berpusat pendekatan didasarkan pada dua prinsip fundamental, salah satu teori, dan satu pragmatis:
a) Hipotesis teoritis dasar adalah bahwa mendasari perilaku bahasa apapun yang keterampilan dan strategi tertentu, yang menggunakan pelajar untuk memproduksi atau memahami wacana.
b) dasar pragmatis untuk keterampilan-pendekatan berpusat berasal dari perbedaan yang dibuat oleh Widdowson (1981) antara kursus berorientasi tujuan dan proses program berorientasi.
desain kursus ini gagal untuk mengakui kenyataan bahwa, peserta didik menjadi orang, belajar bukanlah proses yang mudah, logis. Pendekatan lg berpusat mengatakan: '. Ini adalah sifat kinerja situasi target dan yang akan menentukan ESP saja'
Holmes (1982) menunjukkan bahwa masalah utama dalam ESP biasanya salah satu dari waktu yang tersedia dan pengalaman siswa.
V Pertama , tujuan dapat didefinisikan dalam hal apa yang diinginkan, misalnya untuk dapat membaca dalam literatur dari spesialisasi mahasiswa, tapi mungkin ada tempat di dekat cukup waktu untuk mencapai tujuan ini selama periode kursus.
v Kedua, siswa mungkin dalam tahun pertama studi dengan sedikit pengalaman literatur dari spesialisasi mereka.
dalam pengalaman itu melihat ESP saja sebagai membantu peserta didik untuk mengembangkan setelah ESP saja sendiri. Hal ini tidak memberikan corpus spesifik pengetahuan linguistik tetapi untuk mengambil peserta didik menjadi prosesor yang lebih baik dari informasi. Peran analisis kebutuhan dalam keterampilan pendekatan -centered ada dua.
V Pertama itu memberikan dasar untuk menemukan kompetensi dasar yang memungkinkan orang untuk tampil di situasi sasaran.
V Kedua, memungkinkan desainer kursus untuk menemukan pengetahuan dan kemampuan potensial bahwa peserta didik membawa ke kelas ESP.
keterampilan yang berpusat pendekatan, oleh karena itu, tentu dapat mengklaim untuk mengambil pelajar lebih memperhitungkan dibandingkan dengan pendekatan bahasa yang berpusat:
v ini dilihat bahasa dalam hal bagaimana pikiran pelajar memprosesnya lebih selain sebagai entitas sendiri.
v Akan mencoba untuk membangun faktor-faktor positif bahwa peserta didik membawa ke kursus, bukan hanya pada gagasan negatif "kekurangan".
v Ini frames tujuan dalam hal terbuka, sehingga memungkinkan peserta didik . untuk mencapai setidaknya sesuatu
pendekatan keterampilan yang berpusat mengatakan: 'kita harus melihat di balik Perf sasaran


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