EMISSION SOURCES AND AMBIENT LEVELS

EMISSION SOURCES AND AMBIENT LEVELS
Natural Sources
On a global scale, more than 99% of the ammonia present in the atmosphere is the result of natural processes (IPCS, 1986; NRC, 1979). These natural processes consist mainly of biological degradation of organic matter, such as plants and animals, and chemical and microbial degradation of animal wastes, in particular urine. In the biological degradation of organic matter, ammonia is produced when proteins and nucleic acids are degraded to form amino acids, purines and pyrimidines (Geadah, 1985). Chemical or microbial degradation of animal urine leads to urea hydrolysis and then subsequently to ammonia volatilization (Geadah, 1985). Other natural sources of ammonia include vegetation, forest fires and human breath (Geadah, 1985)
The natural sources contributing to ammonia air emissions in Canada are presented in Table 3. In Table 3, biological litter refers to biological degradation of organic matter and wild and domestic animals refers to the chemical and microbial degradation of animal wastes.
Table 3 Natural Sources of Ammonia Emissions to Air in Canada (EC, 2000a; Geadah, 1985)
Ammonia Emissions (tonnes) 1995
Biological Litter
454,171
458,386
458,386
Wild and Domestic Animals
35,407
43,993
43,993
Vegetation
NA
NA
NA
Forest Fires
15,911
2,989
15,023
Human Breath
134
7,032
7,554
TOTAL
505,623
512,400
524,956
NA – not available
3.2 Anthropogenic Sources
As stated previously, most of the ammonia occurring in the atmosphere is produced naturally however several anthropogenic sources exist. Anthropogenic sources include industrial sources, non-industrial fuel combustion sources, transportation, and incineration. Other miscellaneous anthropogenic sources include agriculture (i.e. animal husbandry), pesticide and fertilizer application, cigarette smoking and prescribed burning (EC, 2001a; Geadah, 1985).
3.2.1 Industrial
Industrial sources of ammonia are provided in the National Pollutant Release Inventory (NPRI) surveys. The NPRI program collects information from a wide variety of industrial and nonindustrial sectors (EC, 1999c) but it does not include sources such as fuel combustion sources and mobile sources (i.e. automobiles and trucks) (EC, 1999c). Very few animal husbandry sources and few municipal sewage treatment plants are included in the NPRI survey (EC, 2000a). Environment Canada has conducted two national inventories for ammonia, one in 1980 (Geadah, 1985) and one in 1995 (EC, 2001a). These inventories provide ammonia emissions by province for most industrial sources including some not covered by the NPRI surveys.
Assessment Report on Ammonia for Developing Ambient Air Quality Objectives – Vol. I 7
3.2.1.1 NPRI Surveys
According to NPRI (1999), 333 facilities in Canada reported ammonia emissions in 1999. Of these 333 facilities, 54 are located in Alberta. These facilities are listed in Table 4 and are ranked according to total ammonia emissions. In general, most ammonia emissions are to air or underground. Agrium Inc. and Canadian Fertilizers are the two substantial emitters of ammonia to air. Syncrude Canada also emitted a significant amount of ammonia to air in 1999, however these 1999 emissions represented a 34.4% decrease on their 1998 emissions (EC, 1999a). Shell Canada, Petro Canada, Imperial Oil and Agrium also contributed substantially to underground emissions of ammonia. For Petro-Canada and Agrium, the 1999 emissions represented a substantial increase on the 1998 emissions (EC, 1999a). In the case of Petro-Canada, no explanation was provided by the facility. In the case of Agrium, the facility explained the increase in emissions as a result of accelerated remediation activities and not as a result of ongoing continuous operations at the facility (EC, 1999a).
As shown in Table 5, only 26 of the 54 facilities in Alberta report air emissions of ammonia. These emissions are principally stack or point source emissions (90.5% of the total air emissions), with some fugitive (5.5% of the total air emissions) and non-point source emissions (3.2% of the total air emissions). Stack or point source emissions include releases from stacks, vents, ducts, pipes, pollution-control equipment or other confined process streams. Fugitive emissions include emissions not released through confined process streams. These emissions include emissions due to leaks, evaporative losses, releases from building ventilation systems and other releases from land treatment, mine tailings, etc. Other non-point source emissions include emissions not included in the other categories identified in Table 5 (EC, 1999b)
Table 6 provides ammonia air emissions, reported by industrial sectors. In Table 6, “Other sectors” pertains to sectors reporting ammonia emissions in Canada but not reporting ammonia emissions in Alberta. These sectors include local government service industries, mining industries, industrial and heavy engineering construction industries, electrical and electronic par

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1:

SUMBER-SUMBER EMISI DAN TINGKAT AMBIENSumber-sumber alamPada skala global, lebih dari 99% amonia hadir di atmosfer adalah hasil dari proses alami (PELINDO, 1986; NRC, 1979). Proses alami ini terdiri dari biologis degradasi bahan organik, seperti tanaman dan hewan, dan kimia dan mikroba degradasi hewan limbah, dalam urin tertentu. Dalam biologi degradasi bahan organik, amonia diproduksi ketika protein dan asam nukleat terdegradasi untuk membentuk asam amino, Purina dan Pirimidina (Geadah, 1985). Kimia atau mikroba degradasi hewan urin mengarah hidrolisis urea dan kemudian kemudian volatilisasi amonia (Geadah, 1985). Sumber amonia lain alami meliputi vegetasi, kebakaran hutan dan manusia nafas (Geadah, 1985)Sumber-sumber alam yang memberikan kontribusi terhadap emisi amonia udara di Kanada yang disajikan dalam tabel 3. Dalam tabel 3, sampah hayati mengacu biologis degradasi bahan organik dan liar dan hewan domestik mengacu pada degradasi hewan limbah kimia dan mikroba.Tabel 3 sumber-sumber alam Amonia emisi udara di Kanada (EC, 2000a; Geadah, 1985)Emisi amonia (ton) 1995Sampah hayati454,171458,386458,386Hewan liar dan domestik35,40743,99343,993VegetasiNANANAKebakaran hutan15,9112,98915,023Napas manusia1347,0327,554TOTAL505,623512,400524,956NA-tidak tersedia3.2 antropogenik sumberAs stated previously, most of the ammonia occurring in the atmosphere is produced naturally however several anthropogenic sources exist. Anthropogenic sources include industrial sources, non-industrial fuel combustion sources, transportation, and incineration. Other miscellaneous anthropogenic sources include agriculture (i.e. animal husbandry), pesticide and fertilizer application, cigarette smoking and prescribed burning (EC, 2001a; Geadah, 1985).3.2.1 IndustrialIndustrial sources of ammonia are provided in the National Pollutant Release Inventory (NPRI) surveys. The NPRI program collects information from a wide variety of industrial and nonindustrial sectors (EC, 1999c) but it does not include sources such as fuel combustion sources and mobile sources (i.e. automobiles and trucks) (EC, 1999c). Very few animal husbandry sources and few municipal sewage treatment plants are included in the NPRI survey (EC, 2000a). Environment Canada has conducted two national inventories for ammonia, one in 1980 (Geadah, 1985) and one in 1995 (EC, 2001a). These inventories provide ammonia emissions by province for most industrial sources including some not covered by the NPRI surveys.Assessment Report on Ammonia for Developing Ambient Air Quality Objectives – Vol. I 73.2.1.1 NPRI SurveysAccording to NPRI (1999), 333 facilities in Canada reported ammonia emissions in 1999. Of these 333 facilities, 54 are located in Alberta. These facilities are listed in Table 4 and are ranked according to total ammonia emissions. In general, most ammonia emissions are to air or underground. Agrium Inc. and Canadian Fertilizers are the two substantial emitters of ammonia to air. Syncrude Canada also emitted a significant amount of ammonia to air in 1999, however these 1999 emissions represented a 34.4% decrease on their 1998 emissions (EC, 1999a). Shell Canada, Petro Canada, Imperial Oil and Agrium also contributed substantially to underground emissions of ammonia. For Petro-Canada and Agrium, the 1999 emissions represented a substantial increase on the 1998 emissions (EC, 1999a). In the case of Petro-Canada, no explanation was provided by the facility. In the case of Agrium, the facility explained the increase in emissions as a result of accelerated remediation activities and not as a result of ongoing continuous operations at the facility (EC, 1999a).As shown in Table 5, only 26 of the 54 facilities in Alberta report air emissions of ammonia. These emissions are principally stack or point source emissions (90.5% of the total air emissions), with some fugitive (5.5% of the total air emissions) and non-point source emissions (3.2% of the total air emissions). Stack or point source emissions include releases from stacks, vents, ducts, pipes, pollution-control equipment or other confined process streams. Fugitive emissions include emissions not released through confined process streams. These emissions include emissions due to leaks, evaporative losses, releases from building ventilation systems and other releases from land treatment, mine tailings, etc. Other non-point source emissions include emissions not included in the other categories identified in Table 5 (EC, 1999b)Table 6 provides ammonia air emissions, reported by industrial sectors. In Table 6, “Other sectors” pertains to sectors reporting ammonia emissions in Canada but not reporting ammonia emissions in Alberta. These sectors include local government service industries, mining industries, industrial and heavy engineering construction industries, electrical and electronic par