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Reported lesions from experimentally infected animals resemble the lethal disease observed in humans, increasing the information on pathogenesis and representing suitable models to develop new immunotherapeutic approaches using antiviral drug testing and vaccine development against acute NiV infection [55]. For example, golden hamsters develop systemic vasculitis, pulmonary disease, and encephalitis. Ferrets develop severe respiratory and neurological disease [56]. NiV is similar to HeV infection in cats except there is more involvement of the upper and lower respiratory tract [51]. Cats may be a suitable model for the respiratory aspects of NiV, but they are not useful for studying the encephalitic form. NiV is highly pathogenic to chicken embryos, a useful animal model for studying NiV and the effects on the vascular endothelium or neurons [57]. Whereas allantoic inoculation of NiV results in considerable variation and only partial mortality, yolk sac inoculation results in generalized fatal disease of chicken embryos, with gross lesions of petechial to ecchymotic hemorrhages and congestion in the kidneys. Mice are not a suitable model of NiV disease. Swiss mice inoculated either by the intranasal or the intraperitoneal routes do not develop clinical signs, but NiV antibodies can be produced after repeated infection [55]. However, NiV can be lethal if administered intracranially into suckling mice [58].
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