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Aristotelianism, albeit in diverse forms, remained a, if not the, dominant philosophy in the Renaissance and beyond. In this section our focus is on variations of Aristotelianism that stressed the autonomy of philosophy. Dominick Iorio notes that the claim of philosophy to be an autonomous source of truth was dealt with in four ways by the believer in the Middle Ages:[179] 1. Theological exclusivism: this is the sort of view Tertullian held, which privileges the gospel and theology and sees little or no value in philosophy. Bernard of Clairvaux is the outstanding example. 2. Theological reductionism: this view grants primacy to revealed truth but finds a place for reason in elaborating and developing theology. Examples are Bonaventure and Anselm. 3. Theological rationalism: faith and reason are two paths to truth, each with their own methods and rules of evidence. Conflicts between faith and reason must be resolved by appeal to faith, but reason still plays a significant role as handmaiden to theology and through its analysis of the natural world. Examples are Peter Lombard and Thomas Aquinas. 4. Philosophical reductionism (exclusivism): for this approach the adventure of philosophy has its own integrity and must be carried out on its own terms even if that leads it into conflict with theology and faith. Examples are Siger of Brabant and John of Jandun. The third major strain of Renaissance philosophy was the humanistic Aristotelianism of thinkers like Pietro Pomponazzi of Mantua (1465–1525) and Jacopo Zabarella (1533–89), which fits into the category of philosophical exclusivism. Significantly, whereas in Paris Aristotelianism was closely bound up (positively or negatively) with theology, there were no such constraints in Italian universities. “But where Ficino and the Platonists went back to the Hellenistic world and the religious philosophies of Alexandria, the naturalistic humanism, initiated by Pomponazzi and culminating in Zabarella, built on the long tradition of Italian Aristotelianism an original philosophy in accord with the spirit of the emerging natural science and strikingly anticipatory of Spinoza.”[180] This version of Aristotelianism is known as Averroism, after its chief inspiration Averroës (1126– 98), a prolific Muslim commentator on the entire Aristotelian corpus.
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