In the 1960s, the World Health Organization(WHO) began a campaign to e terjemahan - In the 1960s, the World Health Organization(WHO) began a campaign to e Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

In the 1960s, the World Health Orga

In the 1960s, the World Health Organization(WHO) began a campaign to eradicate the mosquitoes that transmit the disease malaria. It was a noble goal, since malaria kills an estimated 3 million people each year in the world's tropical regions, predominantly southern Africa, WHO led an effort to spray the mosquitoes' habitat with a chemical pesticide- a poison used to kill insects- called DDT. Early results were promising, and the mosquito was eliminated from the edge of its native range. The effort soon faltered, however, and the eradication was dropped. How could tiny mosquitoes thwart the best efforts of a large group of well-funded scientists.
Situations like this one have occurred dozens of times in the last several decades. In a common scenario, whenever a new type of pesticide is used to control agricultural pest, the early results are encouraging. A relatively small amount of the poison dusted onto a crop may kill 99% of the insects. However, the relatively few survivors of the first pesticides wave are insects with genes that somehow enable them to resist the chemical attack. The poison kills most members of the insect population, leaving only the resistant individuals to reproduce. And when they do, their offspring inherit the genes for pesticide resistance. In each generation, the proportion of pesticide- resistant individuals in the insect population increases, making subsequent sprayings less and less effective.
Since the widespread use of chemical pesticides began in the 1940s, scientists have documented pesticide resistance in more than 500 species of insects. The problems such insects pose-through their impact on agriculture and medicine- are just some of the many ways that evolution has a direct connection to our daily lives. Everywhere, all the time, populations of organisms are fine tuning adaptions to local environments through the evolutionary process of natural selection. Given the dynamics of the Earth and its life, it is not surprising that even the kinds of organisms on the planet- the species- have changed over the
time.
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In the 1960s, the World Health Organization(WHO) began a campaign to eradicate the mosquitoes that transmit the disease malaria. It was a noble goal, since malaria kills an estimated 3 million people each year in the world's tropical regions, predominantly southern Africa, WHO led an effort to spray the mosquitoes' habitat with a chemical pesticide- a poison used to kill insects- called DDT. Early results were promising, and the mosquito was eliminated from the edge of its native range. The effort soon faltered, however, and the eradication was dropped. How could tiny mosquitoes thwart the best efforts of a large group of well-funded scientists.Situations like this one have occurred dozens of times in the last several decades. In a common scenario, whenever a new type of pesticide is used to control agricultural pest, the early results are encouraging. A relatively small amount of the poison dusted onto a crop may kill 99% of the insects. However, the relatively few survivors of the first pesticides wave are insects with genes that somehow enable them to resist the chemical attack. The poison kills most members of the insect population, leaving only the resistant individuals to reproduce. And when they do, their offspring inherit the genes for pesticide resistance. In each generation, the proportion of pesticide- resistant individuals in the insect population increases, making subsequent sprayings less and less effective. Since the widespread use of chemical pesticides began in the 1940s, scientists have documented pesticide resistance in more than 500 species of insects. The problems such insects pose-through their impact on agriculture and medicine- are just some of the many ways that evolution has a direct connection to our daily lives. Everywhere, all the time, populations of organisms are fine tuning adaptions to local environments through the evolutionary process of natural selection. Given the dynamics of the Earth and its life, it is not surprising that even the kinds of organisms on the planet- the species- have changed over thetime.
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Pada tahun 1960, Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (WHO) memulai kampanye untuk memberantas nyamuk yang menularkan malaria penyakit. Itu adalah tujuan mulia, karena malaria membunuh sekitar 3 juta orang setiap tahun di daerah tropis di dunia, terutama bagian selatan Afrika, WHO memimpin upaya untuk menyemprot habitat nyamuk 'dengan bahan kimia yang pesticide- racun yang digunakan untuk membunuh insects- disebut DDT . Hasil awal yang menjanjikan, dan nyamuk tersingkir dari tepi daerah asalnya. Upaya segera tersendat, namun, dan pemberantasan dijatuhkan. Bagaimana bisa nyamuk kecil menggagalkan upaya terbaik dari kelompok besar ilmuwan yang didanai.
Situasi seperti ini telah terjadi puluhan kali dalam beberapa dekade terakhir. Dalam skenario umum, setiap kali jenis baru pestisida yang digunakan untuk mengendalikan hama pertanian, hasil awal yang menggembirakan. Sebuah jumlah yang relatif kecil dari racun membersihkan ke tanaman dapat membunuh 99% dari serangga. Namun, relatif sedikit yang selamat dari gelombang pestisida pertama adalah serangga dengan gen yang entah bagaimana memungkinkan mereka untuk menahan serangan kimia. Racun membunuh sebagian besar anggota populasi serangga, hanya menyisakan individu tahan untuk mereproduksi. Dan ketika mereka melakukannya, keturunan mereka mewarisi gen untuk resistensi pestisida. Dalam setiap generasi, proporsi individu tahan pesticide- dalam meningkatkan populasi serangga, membuat penyiraman berikutnya kurang dan kurang efektif.
Karena meluasnya penggunaan pestisida kimia dimulai pada tahun 1940-an, para ilmuwan telah mendokumentasikan perlawanan pestisida di lebih dari 500 spesies serangga. Masalah serangga seperti pose-melalui dampaknya pada pertanian dan medicine- hanya beberapa dari banyak cara bahwa evolusi memiliki koneksi langsung ke kehidupan sehari-hari. Di mana-mana, sepanjang waktu, populasi organisme yang tala adaptasi yang baik untuk lingkungan lokal melalui proses evolusi seleksi alam. Mengingat dinamika bumi dan kehidupan, itu tidak mengherankan bahwa bahkan jenis organisme di planet-yang spesies- telah berubah selama
waktu.
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