The main agency problems involved in debtholder–shareholder relationsh terjemahan - The main agency problems involved in debtholder–shareholder relationsh Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

The main agency problems involved i

The main agency problems involved in debtholder–shareholder relationships are:
• Excessive dividend payments. This lowers the value of debt because it reduces available funds to service the debt. It transfers wealth from within the firm, where it is available to lenders, to the shareholders.
• Claim dilution. When further debt is issued, this makes the original debt riskier and lowers its value to the original debtholders.
• Asset substitution. When debt is issued that reflects (and subsequently projects) a particular risk, a higher risk is undertaken.
• Underinvestment. This occurs when management or shareholders reject desirable positive NPV projects on the grounds that most of the benefits accrue to debt holders.

Debt covenants can be structured to restrict conflicts by bonding managers and shareholders to act in the interest of creditors, such as:
• covenants to restrict the production-investment opportunities of the firm (asset substitution and underinvestment)
• covenants restricting dividend policy to a function of net income
• covenants restraining financing policy, usually expressed as gearing ratios
• bonding covenants — such as increased financial reporting.

Accounting would play a primary role if the above covenants were expressed in terms of accounting numbers. Whittred and Zimmer (1986) and Stokes and Tay (1988) found that debt covenants in Australia were mainly expressed in the form of accounting numbers.
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The main agency problems involved in debtholder–shareholder relationships are:• Excessive dividend payments. This lowers the value of debt because it reduces available funds to service the debt. It transfers wealth from within the firm, where it is available to lenders, to the shareholders.• Claim dilution. When further debt is issued, this makes the original debt riskier and lowers its value to the original debtholders.• Asset substitution. When debt is issued that reflects (and subsequently projects) a particular risk, a higher risk is undertaken.• Underinvestment. This occurs when management or shareholders reject desirable positive NPV projects on the grounds that most of the benefits accrue to debt holders.Debt covenants can be structured to restrict conflicts by bonding managers and shareholders to act in the interest of creditors, such as:• covenants to restrict the production-investment opportunities of the firm (asset substitution and underinvestment)• covenants restricting dividend policy to a function of net income• covenants restraining financing policy, usually expressed as gearing ratios• bonding covenants — such as increased financial reporting.Accounting would play a primary role if the above covenants were expressed in terms of accounting numbers. Whittred and Zimmer (1986) and Stokes and Tay (1988) found that debt covenants in Australia were mainly expressed in the form of accounting numbers.
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Masalah lembaga utama yang terlibat dalam hubungan debtholder-pemegang saham adalah:
• pembayaran dividen yang berlebihan. Hal ini akan menurunkan nilai utang karena mengurangi dana yang tersedia untuk melayani hutang. Ini transfer kekayaan dari dalam perusahaan, di mana tersedia untuk pemberi pinjaman, kepada para pemegang saham.
• Klaim pengenceran. Ketika utang lebih lanjut diterbitkan, ini membuat utang asli berisiko dan menurunkan nilainya dengan debtholders asli.
• substitusi Aset. Ketika utang diterbitkan yang mencerminkan (dan kemudian proyek) risiko tertentu, risiko yang lebih tinggi dilakukan.
• Kurangnya investasi. Hal ini terjadi ketika manajemen atau pemegang saham menolak diinginkan proyek NPV positif dengan alasan bahwa sebagian besar manfaat diperoleh pemegang utang. Utang perjanjian dapat terstruktur untuk membatasi konflik oleh manajer ikatan dan pemegang saham untuk bertindak dalam kepentingan kreditur, seperti: • perjanjian untuk membatasi peluang produksi-investasi dari perusahaan (substitusi aset dan kurangnya investasi) • perjanjian membatasi kebijakan dividen untuk fungsi laba bersih • perjanjian menahan kebijakan pembiayaan, biasanya dinyatakan sebagai rasio gearing • perjanjian ikatan -. seperti peningkatan pelaporan keuangan Akuntansi akan memainkan peran utama jika persyaratan di atas dinyatakan dalam angka akuntansi. Whittred dan Zimmer (1986) dan Stokes dan Tay (1988) menemukan bahwa perjanjian utang di Australia terutama dinyatakan dalam bentuk angka akuntansi.








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