Purchasing power: It is the number of goods and or services that can b terjemahan - Purchasing power: It is the number of goods and or services that can b Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

Purchasing power: It is the number

Purchasing power: It is the number of goods and or services that can be purchased with a unit of currency. Currency can be either a commodity like gold or silver, or fiat currency like Taka. As Adam Smith noted, having money gives one the ability to "command" others' labor, so purchasing power to some extent is power over other people, to the extent that they are willing to trade their labor or goods for money or currency.
Inflationary expectations
According to the theory of rational expectations, people form an expectation of what will happen to inflation in the future. They then ensure that they offer or ask a nominal interest rate that means they have the appropriate real interest rate on their investment. The international Fisher relation predicts that the interest rate differential between two countries should be equal to the expected inflation differential. Therefore, countries with higher expected inflation rates will have higher nominal interest rates, and vice versa.
Literature Review
The empirical research conducted in Bangladesh suggests that there does not exist any comovement of inflation with interest rates and the relationship between the variables is also not significant. The inflation premium, equal to expected inflation that investors add to realrisk free rate of return, is ineffective. (Md. M Alam, K. A Alam and MD. G. S. Uddin, 2008). William J Crowder and Dennis L Hoffman (2007) recognize that the persistence in nominal interest rates and inflation can be modeled under the unit root hypothesis. A fully efficient estimator that separates estimation of long run equilibrium relationship from nuisance parameters is applied. The study finds considerable support for the tax-adjusted Fisher effect. It reveals a long run relationship between interest rates and inflation. However, it also finds that the short term interest rates may not be good predictors of future inflation.
Evans, Martin and Karen Lewis (1995) observes cointegration between nominal interest rates and inflation in a sample of post war data and applies the DOLS estimator to estimate the long run response of nominal interest rates with respect to inflation. They support their case with Monte Carlo evidence. They conclude that the Fisher hypothesis is generally consistent with postwar data once we recognize that agents have been forced to form expectations from an inflation process that has undergone several structural changes in the post war period and that their results simply suffer from small sample bias. Liu and Adedeji (2000), Ubide (1997), Leheyda (2005), and Khan and Schimmelpfennig (2006) have recorded clear ideas about the determinants of inflation in developing countries.
Most of the studies stress money supply as the major source of inflation in the respective economies. Taslim (1982) attempted to analyze the inflationary process in Bangladesh in light of the structuralize monetarist controversy using the data for FY60 to FY80. The author systematically tested both the views in the context of Bangladesh as well as a hybrid model considering both views together. Martin Evans and Karen Lewis (1995) characterize the shifts in inflation by a Markov switching model. They argue that rational anticipations of infrequent shifts in the inflation process induce significant small sample biases in estimates of the long-run Fisher relationship. These small sample biases may create the appearance of permanent shocks to the real rates even when none are truly present. They examine the long-run relationship between nominal interest rates and inflation and are unable to reject the hypothesis that in the long-run nominal interest rates reflect expected inflation one-for-one
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Purchasing power: It is the number of goods and or services that can be purchased with a unit of currency. Currency can be either a commodity like gold or silver, or fiat currency like Taka. As Adam Smith noted, having money gives one the ability to "command" others' labor, so purchasing power to some extent is power over other people, to the extent that they are willing to trade their labor or goods for money or currency.
Inflationary expectations
According to the theory of rational expectations, people form an expectation of what will happen to inflation in the future. They then ensure that they offer or ask a nominal interest rate that means they have the appropriate real interest rate on their investment. The international Fisher relation predicts that the interest rate differential between two countries should be equal to the expected inflation differential. Therefore, countries with higher expected inflation rates will have higher nominal interest rates, and vice versa.
Literature Review
The empirical research conducted in Bangladesh suggests that there does not exist any comovement of inflation with interest rates and the relationship between the variables is also not significant. The inflation premium, equal to expected inflation that investors add to realrisk free rate of return, is ineffective. (Md. M Alam, K. A Alam and MD. G. S. Uddin, 2008). William J Crowder and Dennis L Hoffman (2007) recognize that the persistence in nominal interest rates and inflation can be modeled under the unit root hypothesis. A fully efficient estimator that separates estimation of long run equilibrium relationship from nuisance parameters is applied. The study finds considerable support for the tax-adjusted Fisher effect. It reveals a long run relationship between interest rates and inflation. However, it also finds that the short term interest rates may not be good predictors of future inflation.
Evans, Martin and Karen Lewis (1995) observes cointegration between nominal interest rates and inflation in a sample of post war data and applies the DOLS estimator to estimate the long run response of nominal interest rates with respect to inflation. They support their case with Monte Carlo evidence. They conclude that the Fisher hypothesis is generally consistent with postwar data once we recognize that agents have been forced to form expectations from an inflation process that has undergone several structural changes in the post war period and that their results simply suffer from small sample bias. Liu and Adedeji (2000), Ubide (1997), Leheyda (2005), and Khan and Schimmelpfennig (2006) have recorded clear ideas about the determinants of inflation in developing countries.
Most of the studies stress money supply as the major source of inflation in the respective economies. Taslim (1982) attempted to analyze the inflationary process in Bangladesh in light of the structuralize monetarist controversy using the data for FY60 to FY80. The author systematically tested both the views in the context of Bangladesh as well as a hybrid model considering both views together. Martin Evans and Karen Lewis (1995) characterize the shifts in inflation by a Markov switching model. They argue that rational anticipations of infrequent shifts in the inflation process induce significant small sample biases in estimates of the long-run Fisher relationship. These small sample biases may create the appearance of permanent shocks to the real rates even when none are truly present. They examine the long-run relationship between nominal interest rates and inflation and are unable to reject the hypothesis that in the long-run nominal interest rates reflect expected inflation one-for-one
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Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:[Salinan]
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Daya beli: Ini adalah jumlah barang dan atau jasa yang dapat dibeli dengan satuan mata uang. Mata dapat berupa komoditas seperti emas atau perak, atau mata uang fiat seperti Taka. Seperti Adam Smith mencatat, memiliki uang memberikan satu kemampuan untuk "perintah" tenaga kerja lain, sehingga daya beli sampai batas tertentu adalah kekuasaan atas orang lain, sampai-sampai mereka bersedia untuk perdagangan tenaga kerja atau barang-barang mereka untuk uang atau mata uang.
inflasi ekspektasi
Menurut teori ekspektasi rasional, orang membentuk harapan apa yang akan terjadi inflasi di masa depan. Mereka kemudian memastikan bahwa mereka menawarkan atau meminta tingkat bunga nominal yang berarti mereka memiliki tingkat bunga riil yang sesuai pada investasi mereka. Hubungan Fisher internasional memprediksi bahwa perbedaan suku bunga antara dua negara harus sama dengan diferensial inflasi yang diharapkan. Oleh karena itu, negara-negara dengan tingkat inflasi yang diharapkan lebih tinggi akan memiliki tingkat bunga nominal lebih tinggi, dan sebaliknya.
Studi Literatur
Penelitian empiris yang dilakukan di Bangladesh menunjukkan bahwa ada tidak ada apapun comovement inflasi dengan suku bunga dan hubungan antara variabel juga tidak signifikan . Premi inflasi, sama dengan inflasi yang diharapkan investor menambah realrisk free rate of return, tidak efektif. (Md. M Alam, K. A Alam dan MD. GS Uddin, 2008). William J Crowder dan Dennis L Hoffman (2007) mengakui bahwa kegigihan suku bunga nominal dan inflasi dapat dimodelkan di bawah hipotesis unit root. Sebuah estimator sepenuhnya efisien yang memisahkan estimasi jangka panjang hubungan ekuilibrium dari parameter gangguan diterapkan. Studi ini menemukan dukungan yang cukup untuk pajak-disesuaikan efek Fisher. Ini menunjukkan hubungan jangka panjang antara tingkat suku bunga dan inflasi. Namun, hal itu juga menemukan bahwa tingkat suku bunga jangka pendek mungkin tidak menjadi prediktor yang baik dari inflasi ke depan.
Evans, Martin dan Karen Lewis (1995) mengamati kointegrasi antara suku bunga nominal dan inflasi dalam sampel data pasca perang dan menerapkan estimator Dols ke memperkirakan respon jangka panjang suku bunga nominal sehubungan dengan inflasi. Mereka mendukung kasus mereka dengan Monte Carlo bukti. Mereka menyimpulkan bahwa hipotesis Fisher umumnya konsisten dengan data pascaperang setelah kami menyadari bahwa agen telah dipaksa untuk membentuk ekspektasi dari proses inflasi yang telah mengalami beberapa perubahan struktural dalam periode pasca perang dan bahwa hasil mereka hanya menderita dari bias sampel kecil. Liu dan Adedeji (2000), Ubide (1997), Leheyda (2005), dan Khan dan Schimmelpfennig (2006) telah mencatat ide-ide yang jelas tentang faktor-faktor penentu inflasi di negara berkembang.
Sebagian besar studi menekankan jumlah uang beredar sebagai sumber utama inflasi di negara masing-masing. Taslim (1982) mencoba untuk menganalisis proses inflasi di Bangladesh dalam terang monetaris kontroversi structuralize menggunakan data untuk FY60 untuk FY80. Penulis sistematis diuji baik dilihat dalam konteks Bangladesh serta model hibrida mempertimbangkan kedua pandangan bersama-sama. Martin Evans dan Karen Lewis (1995) mencirikan pergeseran inflasi oleh beralih Model Markov. Mereka berpendapat bahwa antisipasi rasional pergeseran jarang dalam proses inflasi menyebabkan bias sampel kecil yang signifikan dalam perkiraan hubungan Fisher jangka panjang. Bias ini contoh kecil dapat membuat penampilan kejutan permanen pada tingkat nyata bahkan ketika tidak ada yang benar-benar hadir. Mereka meneliti hubungan jangka panjang antara tingkat bunga nominal dan inflasi dan tidak dapat menolak hipotesis bahwa dalam tingkat bunga nominal jangka panjang mencerminkan diharapkan inflasi satu-untuk-satu
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