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A. Treaty on Principles Governing the Activitiesof States in the Exploration and Useof Outer Space, including the Moonand Other Celestial BodiesThe States Parties to this Treaty,Inspired by the great prospects opening up before mankind as a result of man’sentry into outer space,Recognizing the common interest of all mankind in the progress of the explorationand use of outer space for peaceful purposes,Believing that the exploration and use of outer space should be carried on forthe benefit of all peoples irrespective of the degree of their economic or scientificdevelopment,Desiring to contribute to broad international cooperation in the scientific aswell as the legal aspects of the exploration and use of outer space for peacefulpurposes,Believing that such cooperation will contribute to the development of mutualunderstanding and to the strengthening of friendly relations between States andpeoples,Recalling resolution 1962 (XVIII), entitled “Declaration of Legal PrinciplesGoverning the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space”,which was adopted unanimously by the United Nations General Assembly on13 December 1963,Recalling resolution 1884 (XVIII), calling upon States to refrain from placingin orbit around the Earth any objects carrying nuclear weapons or any other kindsof weapons of mass destruction or from installing such weapons on celestial bodies,which was adopted unanimously by the United Nations General Assembly on17 October 1963,Taking account of United Nations General Assembly resolution 110 (II) of3 November 1947, which condemned propaganda designed or likely to provoke orencourage any threat to the peace, breach of the peace or act of aggression, andconsidering that the aforementioned resolution is applicable to outer space,Convinced that a Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in theExploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies,will further the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations,Have agreed on the following:4Article IThe exploration and use of outer space, including the Moon and other celestialbodies, shall be carried out for the benefit and in the interests of all countries,irrespective of their degree of economic or scientific development, and shall be theprovince of all mankind.Outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, shall be free forexploration and use by all States without discrimination of any kind, on a basis ofequality and in accordance with international law, and there shall be free access toall areas of celestial bodies.There shall be freedom of scientific investigation in outer space, including theMoon and other celestial bodies, and States shall facilitate and encourage internationalcooperation in such investigation.Article IIOuter space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, is not subject tonational appropriation by claim of sovereignty, by means of use or occupation, orby any other means.Article IIIStates Parties to the Treaty shall carry on activities in the exploration and useof outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, in accordance withinternational law, including the Charter of the United Nations, in the interest ofmaintaining international peace and security and promoting international cooperationand understanding.Article IVStates Parties to the Treaty undertake not to place in orbit around the Earth anyobjects carrying nuclear weapons or any other kinds of weapons of mass destruction,install such weapons on celestial bodies, or station such weapons in outer space inany other manner.The Moon and other celestial bodies shall be used by all States Parties to theTreaty exclusively for peaceful purposes. The establishment of military bases, installationsand fortifications, the testing of any type of weapons and the conduct ofmilitary manoeuvres on celestial bodies shall be forbidden. The use of militarypersonnel for scientific research or for any other peaceful purposes shall not beprohibited. The use of any equipment or facility necessary for peaceful explorationof the Moon and other celestial bodies shall also not be prohibited.Article VStates Parties to the Treaty shall regard astronauts as envoys of mankind inouter space and shall render to them all possible assistance in the event of accident,5distress, or emergency landing on the territory of another State Party or on the highseas. When astronauts make such a landing, they shall be safely and promptly returnedto the State of registry of their space vehicle.In carrying on activities in outer space and on celestial bodies, the astronautsof one State Party shall render all possible assistance to the astronauts of other StatesParties.States Parties to the Treaty shall immediately inform the other States Parties tothe Treaty or the Secretary-General of the United Nations of any phenomena theydiscover in outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, which couldconstitute a danger to the life or health of astronauts.Article VIStates Parties to the Treaty shall bear international responsibility for nationalactivities in outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, whether suchactivities are carried on by governmental agencies or by non-governmental entities,and for assuring that national activities are carried out in conformity with the provisionsset forth in the present Treaty. The activities of non-governmental entities inouter space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, shall require authorizationand continuing supervision by the appropriate State Party to the Treaty. Whenactivities are carried on in outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies,by an international organization, responsibility for compliance with this Treaty shallbe borne both by the international organization and by the States Parties to theTreaty participating in such organization.Article VIIEach State Party to the Treaty that launches or procures the launching of anobject into outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, and each StateParty from whose territory or facility an object is launched, is internationally liablefor damage to another State Party to the Treaty or to its natural or juridical personsby such object or its component parts on the Earth, in air space or in outer space,including the Moon and other celestial bodies.Article VIIIA State Party to the Treaty on whose registry an object launched into outerspace is carried shall retain jurisdiction and control over such object, and over anypersonnel thereof, while in outer space or on a celestial body. Ownership of objectslaunched into outer space, including objects landed or constructed on a celestialbody, and of their component parts, is not affected by their presence in outer spaceor on a celestial body or by their return to the Earth. Such objects or component partsfound beyond the limits of the State Party to the Treaty on whose registry they arecarried shall be returned to that State Party, which shall, upon request, furnish identifyingdata prior to their return.6Article IXIn the exploration and use of outer space, including the Moon and other celestialbodies, States Parties to the Treaty shall be guided by the principle of cooperationand mutual assistance and shall conduct all their activities in outer space, includingthe Moon and other celestial bodies, with due regard to the correspondinginterests of all other States Parties to the Treaty. States Parties to the Treaty shall pursuestudies of outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, and conductexploration of them so as to avoid their harmful contamination and also adversechanges in the environment of the Earth resulting from the introduction of extraterrestrialmatter and, where necessary, shall adopt appropriate measures for this purpose.If a State Party to the Treaty has reason to believe that an activity or experimentplanned by it or its nationals in outer space, including the Moon and other celestialbodies, would cause potentially harmful interference with activities of other StatesParties in the peaceful exploration and use of outer space, including the Moon andother celestial bodies, it shall undertake appropriate international consultations beforeproceeding with any such activity or experiment. A State Party to the Treaty whichhas reason to believe that an activity or experiment planned by another State Party inouter space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, would cause potentiallyharmful interference with activities in the peaceful exploration and use of outer space,including the Moon and other celestial bodies, may request consultation concerningthe activity or experiment.Article XIn order to promote international cooperation in the exploration and use ofouter space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, in conformity with thepurposes of this Treaty, the States Parties to the Treaty shall consider on a basis ofequality any requests by other States Parties to the Treaty to be afforded an opportunityto observe the flight of space objects launched by those States.The nature of such an opportunity for observation and the conditions underwhich it could be afforded shall be determined by agreement between the Statesconcerned.Article XIIn order to promote international cooperation in the peaceful exploration anduse of outer space, States Parties to the Treaty conducting activities in outer space,including the Moon and other celestial bodies, agree to inform the Secretary-Generalof the United Nations as well as the public and the international scientific community,to the greatest extent feasible and practicable, of the nature, conduct, locationsand results of such activities. On receiving the said information, the Secretary-General of the Uni
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