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Load limitsA web server (program) h
Load limits
A web server (program) has defined load limits, because it can handle only a limited number of concurrent client connections (usually between 2 and 80,000, by default between 500 and 1,000) per IP address (and TCP port) and it can serve only a certain maximum number of requests per second depending on:
its own settings,
the HTTP request type,
whether the content is static or dynamic,
whether the content is cached, and
the hardware and software limitations of the OS of the computer on which the web server runs.
When a web server is near to or over its limit, it becomes unresponsive.
Causes of overload
At any time web servers can be overloaded because of:
Too much legitimate web traffic. Thousands or even millions of clients connecting to the web site in a short interval, e.g., Slashdot effect;
Distributed Denial of Service attacks. A denial-of-service attack (DoS attack) or distributed denial-of-service attack (DDoS attack) is an attempt to make a computer or network resource unavailable to its intended users;
Computer worms that sometimes cause abnormal traffic because of millions of infected computers (not coordinated among them);
XSS viruses can cause high traffic because of millions of infected browsers and/or web servers;
Internet bots Traffic not filtered/limited on large web sites with very few resources (bandwidth, etc.);
Internet (network) slowdowns, so that client requests are served more slowly and the number of connections increases so much that server limits are reached;
Web servers (computers) partial unavailability. This can happen because of required or urgent maintenance or upgrade, hardware or software failures, back-end (e.g., database) failures, etc.; in these cases the remaining web servers get too much traffic and become overloaded.
Symptoms of overload
The symptoms of an overloaded web server are:
Requests are served with (possibly long) delays (from 1 second to a few hundred seconds).
The web server returns an HTTP error code, such as 500, 502, 503, 504, 408, or even 404, which is inappropriate for an overload condition.
The web server refuses or resets (interrupts) TCP connections before it returns any content.
In very rare cases, the web server returns only a part of the requested content. This behavior can be considered a bug, even if it usually arises as a symptom of overload.
Anti-overload techniques
To partially overcome above average load limits and to prevent overload, most popular web sites use common techniques like:
Managing network traffic, by using:
Firewalls to block unwanted traffic coming from bad IP sources or having bad patterns
HTTP traffic managers to drop, redirect or rewrite requests having bad HTTP pattern
s
Bandwidth management and traffic shaping, in order to smooth down peaks in network usage
Deploying web cache techniques
Using different domain names to serve different (static and dynamic) content by separate web servers, i.e.:
http://images.example.com
http://www.example.com
Using different domain names and/or computers to separate big files from small and medium sized files; the idea is to be able to fully cache small and medium sized files and to efficiently serve big or huge (over 10 - 1000 MB) files by using different settings
Using many web servers (programs) per computer, each one bound to its own network card and IP address
Using many web servers (computers) that are grouped together behind a load balancer so that they act or are seen as one big web server
Adding more hardware resources (i.e. RAM, disks) to each computer
Tuning OS parameters for hardware capabilities and usage
Using more efficient computer programs for web servers, etc.
Using other workarounds, especially if dynamic content is involved
A web server (program) has defined load limits, because it can handle only a limited number of concurrent client connections (usually between 2 and 80,000, by default between 500 and 1,000) per IP address (and TCP port) and it can serve only a certain maximum number of requests per second depending on:
its own settings,
the HTTP request type,
whether the content is static or dynamic,
whether the content is cached, and
the hardware and software limitations of the OS of the computer on which the web server runs.
When a web server is near to or over its limit, it becomes unresponsive.
Causes of overload
At any time web servers can be overloaded because of:
Too much legitimate web traffic. Thousands or even millions of clients connecting to the web site in a short interval, e.g., Slashdot effect;
Distributed Denial of Service attacks. A denial-of-service attack (DoS attack) or distributed denial-of-service attack (DDoS attack) is an attempt to make a computer or network resource unavailable to its intended users;
Computer worms that sometimes cause abnormal traffic because of millions of infected computers (not coordinated among them);
XSS viruses can cause high traffic because of millions of infected browsers and/or web servers;
Internet bots Traffic not filtered/limited on large web sites with very few resources (bandwidth, etc.);
Internet (network) slowdowns, so that client requests are served more slowly and the number of connections increases so much that server limits are reached;
Web servers (computers) partial unavailability. This can happen because of required or urgent maintenance or upgrade, hardware or software failures, back-end (e.g., database) failures, etc.; in these cases the remaining web servers get too much traffic and become overloaded.
Symptoms of overload
The symptoms of an overloaded web server are:
Requests are served with (possibly long) delays (from 1 second to a few hundred seconds).
The web server returns an HTTP error code, such as 500, 502, 503, 504, 408, or even 404, which is inappropriate for an overload condition.
The web server refuses or resets (interrupts) TCP connections before it returns any content.
In very rare cases, the web server returns only a part of the requested content. This behavior can be considered a bug, even if it usually arises as a symptom of overload.
Anti-overload techniques
To partially overcome above average load limits and to prevent overload, most popular web sites use common techniques like:
Managing network traffic, by using:
Firewalls to block unwanted traffic coming from bad IP sources or having bad patterns
HTTP traffic managers to drop, redirect or rewrite requests having bad HTTP pattern
s
Bandwidth management and traffic shaping, in order to smooth down peaks in network usage
Deploying web cache techniques
Using different domain names to serve different (static and dynamic) content by separate web servers, i.e.:
http://images.example.com
http://www.example.com
Using different domain names and/or computers to separate big files from small and medium sized files; the idea is to be able to fully cache small and medium sized files and to efficiently serve big or huge (over 10 - 1000 MB) files by using different settings
Using many web servers (programs) per computer, each one bound to its own network card and IP address
Using many web servers (computers) that are grouped together behind a load balancer so that they act or are seen as one big web server
Adding more hardware resources (i.e. RAM, disks) to each computer
Tuning OS parameters for hardware capabilities and usage
Using more efficient computer programs for web servers, etc.
Using other workarounds, especially if dynamic content is involved
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Load limits
A web server (program) has defined load limits, because it can handle only a limited number of concurrent client connections (usually between 2 and 80,000, by default between 500 and 1,000) per IP address (and TCP port) and it can serve only a certain maximum number of requests per second depending on:
its own settings,
the HTTP request type,
whether the content is static or dynamic,
whether the content is cached, and
the hardware and software limitations of the OS of the computer on which the web server runs.
When a web server is near to or over its limit, it becomes unresponsive.
Causes of overload
At any time web servers can be overloaded because of:
Too much legitimate web traffic. Thousands or even millions of clients connecting to the web site in a short interval, e.g., Slashdot effect;
Distributed Denial of Service attacks. A denial-of-service attack (DoS attack) or distributed denial-of-service attack (DDoS attack) is an attempt to make a computer or network resource unavailable to its intended users;
Computer worms that sometimes cause abnormal traffic because of millions of infected computers (not coordinated among them);
XSS viruses can cause high traffic because of millions of infected browsers and/or web servers;
Internet bots Traffic not filtered/limited on large web sites with very few resources (bandwidth, etc.);
Internet (network) slowdowns, so that client requests are served more slowly and the number of connections increases so much that server limits are reached;
Web servers (computers) partial unavailability. This can happen because of required or urgent maintenance or upgrade, hardware or software failures, back-end (e.g., database) failures, etc.; in these cases the remaining web servers get too much traffic and become overloaded.
Symptoms of overload
The symptoms of an overloaded web server are:
Requests are served with (possibly long) delays (from 1 second to a few hundred seconds).
The web server returns an HTTP error code, such as 500, 502, 503, 504, 408, or even 404, which is inappropriate for an overload condition.
The web server refuses or resets (interrupts) TCP connections before it returns any content.
In very rare cases, the web server returns only a part of the requested content. This behavior can be considered a bug, even if it usually arises as a symptom of overload.
Anti-overload techniques
To partially overcome above average load limits and to prevent overload, most popular web sites use common techniques like:
Managing network traffic, by using:
Firewalls to block unwanted traffic coming from bad IP sources or having bad patterns
HTTP traffic managers to drop, redirect or rewrite requests having bad HTTP pattern
s
Bandwidth management and traffic shaping, in order to smooth down peaks in network usage
Deploying web cache techniques
Using different domain names to serve different (static and dynamic) content by separate web servers, i.e.:
http://images.example.com
http://www.example.com
Using different domain names and/or computers to separate big files from small and medium sized files; the idea is to be able to fully cache small and medium sized files and to efficiently serve big or huge (over 10 - 1000 MB) files by using different settings
Using many web servers (programs) per computer, each one bound to its own network card and IP address
Using many web servers (computers) that are grouped together behind a load balancer so that they act or are seen as one big web server
Adding more hardware resources (i.e. RAM, disks) to each computer
Tuning OS parameters for hardware capabilities and usage
Using more efficient computer programs for web servers, etc.
Using other workarounds, especially if dynamic content is involved
A web server (program) has defined load limits, because it can handle only a limited number of concurrent client connections (usually between 2 and 80,000, by default between 500 and 1,000) per IP address (and TCP port) and it can serve only a certain maximum number of requests per second depending on:
its own settings,
the HTTP request type,
whether the content is static or dynamic,
whether the content is cached, and
the hardware and software limitations of the OS of the computer on which the web server runs.
When a web server is near to or over its limit, it becomes unresponsive.
Causes of overload
At any time web servers can be overloaded because of:
Too much legitimate web traffic. Thousands or even millions of clients connecting to the web site in a short interval, e.g., Slashdot effect;
Distributed Denial of Service attacks. A denial-of-service attack (DoS attack) or distributed denial-of-service attack (DDoS attack) is an attempt to make a computer or network resource unavailable to its intended users;
Computer worms that sometimes cause abnormal traffic because of millions of infected computers (not coordinated among them);
XSS viruses can cause high traffic because of millions of infected browsers and/or web servers;
Internet bots Traffic not filtered/limited on large web sites with very few resources (bandwidth, etc.);
Internet (network) slowdowns, so that client requests are served more slowly and the number of connections increases so much that server limits are reached;
Web servers (computers) partial unavailability. This can happen because of required or urgent maintenance or upgrade, hardware or software failures, back-end (e.g., database) failures, etc.; in these cases the remaining web servers get too much traffic and become overloaded.
Symptoms of overload
The symptoms of an overloaded web server are:
Requests are served with (possibly long) delays (from 1 second to a few hundred seconds).
The web server returns an HTTP error code, such as 500, 502, 503, 504, 408, or even 404, which is inappropriate for an overload condition.
The web server refuses or resets (interrupts) TCP connections before it returns any content.
In very rare cases, the web server returns only a part of the requested content. This behavior can be considered a bug, even if it usually arises as a symptom of overload.
Anti-overload techniques
To partially overcome above average load limits and to prevent overload, most popular web sites use common techniques like:
Managing network traffic, by using:
Firewalls to block unwanted traffic coming from bad IP sources or having bad patterns
HTTP traffic managers to drop, redirect or rewrite requests having bad HTTP pattern
s
Bandwidth management and traffic shaping, in order to smooth down peaks in network usage
Deploying web cache techniques
Using different domain names to serve different (static and dynamic) content by separate web servers, i.e.:
http://images.example.com
http://www.example.com
Using different domain names and/or computers to separate big files from small and medium sized files; the idea is to be able to fully cache small and medium sized files and to efficiently serve big or huge (over 10 - 1000 MB) files by using different settings
Using many web servers (programs) per computer, each one bound to its own network card and IP address
Using many web servers (computers) that are grouped together behind a load balancer so that they act or are seen as one big web server
Adding more hardware resources (i.e. RAM, disks) to each computer
Tuning OS parameters for hardware capabilities and usage
Using more efficient computer programs for web servers, etc.
Using other workarounds, especially if dynamic content is involved
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Beban membatasi Sebuah server web (program) telah menentukan batas beban, karena hanya dapat menangani sejumlah klien konkuren koneksi (biasanya antara 2 dan 80.000, secara default antara 500 dan 1.000) per alamat IP (dan TCP port) dan dapat hanya melayani jumlah maksimum tertentu permintaan per detik, tergantung pada: pengaturan sendiri, jenis permintaan HTTP, apakah konten yang statis atau dinamis, apakah konten di-cache, dan perangkat keras dan perangkat lunak keterbatasan OS komputer yang server web berjalan. Ketika server web adalah dekat atau di atas batas, ia menjadi tidak responsif. Penyebab kelebihan Setiap saat server web dapat kelebihan beban karena: Terlalu banyak lalu lintas web yang sah. Ribuan atau bahkan jutaan klien yang menghubungkan ke situs web dalam interval pendek, misalnya, efek Slashdot, Distributed Denial of Service serangan. Sebuah denial-of-service attack (DoS attack) atau didistribusikan denial-of-service attack (DDoS) merupakan upaya untuk membuat komputer atau jaringan sumber daya tersedia bagi pengguna yang dimaksudkan, cacing komputer yang kadang-kadang menyebabkan lalu lintas normal karena jutaan komputer yang terinfeksi (tidak terkoordinir di antara mereka); virus XSS dapat menyebabkan lalu lintas tinggi karena jutaan terinfeksi browser dan / atau web server; Internet bots Lalu Lintas tidak disaring / terbatas pada situs web yang besar dengan sangat sedikit sumber daya (bandwith, dll); Internet (jaringan) slowdowns, sehingga permintaan klien dilayani lebih lambat dan jumlah koneksi meningkat sehingga mencapai batas server; server web (komputer) tidak tersedianya parsial. Hal ini dapat terjadi karena dibutuhkan atau mendesak pemeliharaan atau upgrade, perangkat keras atau perangkat lunak kegagalan, back-end (misalnya, database) kegagalan, dll .; . dalam kasus ini server web yang tersisa terlalu banyak lalu lintas dan menjadi kelebihan beban Gejala kelebihan Gejala server web kelebihan beban adalah: . Permintaan dilayani dengan (mungkin panjang) penundaan (dari 1 detik untuk beberapa ratus detik) Web server mengembalikan kode kesalahan HTTP, seperti 500, 502, 503, 504, 408, atau bahkan 404, yang pantas untuk kondisi overload. Web server menolak atau me-reset (interupsi) koneksi TCP sebelum kembali konten apapun. Dalam sangat jarang kasus, server web mengembalikan hanya sebagian dari konten yang diminta. . Perilaku ini dapat dianggap bug, bahkan jika itu biasanya muncul sebagai gejala kelebihan teknik Anti-kelebihan Untuk sebagian mengatasi batasan di atas rata-rata beban dan untuk mencegah overload, situs web yang paling populer menggunakan teknik umum seperti: lalu lintas jaringan Mengelola, dengan menggunakan : Firewall untuk memblokir lalu lintas yang tidak diinginkan yang berasal dari sumber IP yang buruk atau memiliki pola yang buruk manajer lalu lintas HTTP untuk menjatuhkan, mengarahkan atau menulis ulang permintaan memiliki pola HTTP buruk s Bandwidth manajemen dan traffic shaping, dalam rangka untuk merapikan puncak dalam penggunaan jaringan Menyebarkan teknik web cache yang Menggunakan nama domain yang berbeda untuk melayani berbeda (statis dan dinamis) dengan server web yang terpisah, yaitu: http://images.example.com http://www.example.com Menggunakan nama domain yang berbeda dan / atau komputer untuk memisahkan file-file besar dari file berukuran kecil dan menengah; idenya adalah untuk dapat sepenuhnya cache yang file berukuran kecil dan menengah dan melayani secara efisien besar atau besar (lebih dari 10-1.000 MB) file dengan menggunakan pengaturan yang berbeda menggunakan banyak server web (program) per komputer, masing-masing terikat ke jaringan sendiri kartu dan alamat IP Menggunakan banyak web server (komputer) yang dikelompokkan bersama-sama di belakang penyeimbang beban sehingga mereka bertindak atau dianggap sebagai salah satu web server yang besar Menambahkan lebih banyak sumber daya perangkat keras (yaitu RAM, disk) untuk setiap komputer Tuning parameter OS untuk kemampuan hardware dan penggunaan Menggunakan program komputer yang lebih efisien untuk web server, dll Menggunakan workarounds lain, terutama jika konten dinamis yang terlibat
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- LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR AG
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