Sustainable Treatment and Reuse of WastewaterThe uncontrolled disposal terjemahan - Sustainable Treatment and Reuse of WastewaterThe uncontrolled disposal Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

Sustainable Treatment and Reuse of

Sustainable Treatment and Reuse of Wastewater

The uncontrolled disposal to the environment of municipal, industrial and agricultural liquid, solid, and gaseous wastes constitutes one of the most serious threats to the sustainability of human civilization by contaminating the water, land, and air and by contributing to global warming.

With increasing population and economic growth, treatment and safe disposal of wastewater is essential to preserve public health and reduce intolerable levels of environmental degradation. In addition, adequate wastewater management is also required for preventing contamination of water bodies for the purpose of preserving the sources of clean water.

Effective wastewater management is well established in developed countries but is still limited in developing countries. In most developing countries, many people lack access to water and sanitation services. Collection and conveyance of wastewater out of urban neighborhoods is not yet a service provided to all the population, and adequate treatment is provided only to a small portion of the collected wastewater. In slums and peri-urban areas throughout the world, it is common to see raw wastewater flowing in the streets. The inadequate water and sanitation service is the main cause of diseases in developing countries.

In the year 2011, the population of the planet was 7 billion. Population growth forecasts indicate rapid global population growth that will reach 9 billion in 2030. The forecasts also indicate that:

o Most of the population growth will occur in developing countries, while the population of developed countries will remain constant at about 1 billion; and

o A strong migration from rural to urban areas will take place.

Considering the expected population growth and the order of priorities in the development of the water and sanitation sector in developing countries—water supply and sewerage first, and only then wastewater treatment—as well as the financial difficulties in these countries, it cannot be assumed that the current low percentage of the coverage of wastewater treatment in these countries will increase in the future, unless a new, innovative strategy is adopted and affordable wastewater treatment options are used.

A key component in any strategy aimed at increasing the coverage of wastewater treatment should be the application of appropriate wastewater treatment technologies that are effective, simple to operate, and low cost (in investment and especially in operation and maintenance). Appropriate technology processes are also more environment-friendly since they consume less energy and thereby have a positive impact on efforts to mitigate the effects of climate change. Also, with
modern design, appropriate technology processes cause less environmental nuisance than conventional processes—for example they produce lower amounts of excess sludge and their odor problems can be more effectively controlled.

Appropriate technology unit processes include (but are not limited to) the following:

§ Preliminary Treatment by Rotating Micro Screens;

§ Vortex Grit Chambers;

§ Lagoons Treatment (Anaerobic, Facultative and Polishing), including recent developments in improving lagoons performance;

§ Anaerobic Treatment processes of various types, mainly, Anaerobic Lagoons, Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) Reactors, Anaerobic Filters and Anerobic Piston Reactor (PAR);

§ Physicochemical processes of various types such as Chemically Enhanced Primary Treatment (CEPT); (vi) Constructed Wetlands;
§ Stabilization Reservoirs for wastewater reuse and other purposes;

§ Overland Flow;

§ Infiltration-Percolation;

§ Septic Tanks; and

§ Submarine and Large Rivers Outfalls.

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Sustainable Treatment and Reuse of WastewaterThe uncontrolled disposal to the environment of municipal, industrial and agricultural liquid, solid, and gaseous wastes constitutes one of the most serious threats to the sustainability of human civilization by contaminating the water, land, and air and by contributing to global warming.With increasing population and economic growth, treatment and safe disposal of wastewater is essential to preserve public health and reduce intolerable levels of environmental degradation. In addition, adequate wastewater management is also required for preventing contamination of water bodies for the purpose of preserving the sources of clean water.Effective wastewater management is well established in developed countries but is still limited in developing countries. In most developing countries, many people lack access to water and sanitation services. Collection and conveyance of wastewater out of urban neighborhoods is not yet a service provided to all the population, and adequate treatment is provided only to a small portion of the collected wastewater. In slums and peri-urban areas throughout the world, it is common to see raw wastewater flowing in the streets. The inadequate water and sanitation service is the main cause of diseases in developing countries.In the year 2011, the population of the planet was 7 billion. Population growth forecasts indicate rapid global population growth that will reach 9 billion in 2030. The forecasts also indicate that:o Most of the population growth will occur in developing countries, while the population of developed countries will remain constant at about 1 billion; ando A strong migration from rural to urban areas will take place.Considering the expected population growth and the order of priorities in the development of the water and sanitation sector in developing countries—water supply and sewerage first, and only then wastewater treatment—as well as the financial difficulties in these countries, it cannot be assumed that the current low percentage of the coverage of wastewater treatment in these countries will increase in the future, unless a new, innovative strategy is adopted and affordable wastewater treatment options are used.A key component in any strategy aimed at increasing the coverage of wastewater treatment should be the application of appropriate wastewater treatment technologies that are effective, simple to operate, and low cost (in investment and especially in operation and maintenance). Appropriate technology processes are also more environment-friendly since they consume less energy and thereby have a positive impact on efforts to mitigate the effects of climate change. Also, with modern design, appropriate technology processes cause less environmental nuisance than conventional processes—for example they produce lower amounts of excess sludge and their odor problems can be more effectively controlled.Appropriate technology unit processes include (but are not limited to) the following:§ Preliminary Treatment by Rotating Micro Screens;§ Vortex Grit Chambers;§ Lagoons Treatment (Anaerobic, Facultative and Polishing), including recent developments in improving lagoons performance;§ Anaerobic Treatment processes of various types, mainly, Anaerobic Lagoons, Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) Reactors, Anaerobic Filters and Anerobic Piston Reactor (PAR);§ Physicochemical processes of various types such as Chemically Enhanced Primary Treatment (CEPT); (vi) Constructed Wetlands;§ Stabilization Reservoirs for wastewater reuse and other purposes;§ Overland Flow;§ Infiltration-Percolation;§ Septic Tanks; and§ Submarine and Large Rivers Outfalls.
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Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:[Salinan]
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Pengobatan berkelanjutan dan Penggunaan Kembali Air Limbah Pembuangan yang tidak terkontrol dengan lingkungan cairan kota, industri dan pertanian, padat, dan limbah gas merupakan salah satu ancaman paling serius terhadap keberlangsungan peradaban manusia dengan mencemari air, tanah, dan udara dan berkontribusi pemanasan global. Dengan meningkatnya populasi dan pertumbuhan ekonomi, pengolahan dan pembuangan air limbah yang aman dari sangat penting untuk menjaga kesehatan masyarakat dan mengurangi tingkat tertahankan dari degradasi lingkungan. Selain itu, pengelolaan air limbah yang memadai juga diperlukan untuk mencegah kontaminasi badan air untuk tujuan melestarikan sumber air bersih. Pengelolaan air limbah yang efektif mapan di negara-negara maju tetapi masih terbatas di negara-negara berkembang. Di kebanyakan negara berkembang, banyak orang tidak memiliki akses ke layanan air dan sanitasi. Pengumpulan dan pengangkutan air limbah dari lingkungan perkotaan belum menjadi layanan yang diberikan kepada semua penduduk, dan perawatan yang memadai disediakan hanya untuk sebagian kecil dari air limbah dikumpulkan. Di daerah kumuh dan daerah pinggiran kota di seluruh dunia, itu adalah umum untuk melihat air limbah mentah mengalir di jalan-jalan. Air dan sanitasi yang tidak memadai layanan adalah penyebab utama penyakit di negara-negara berkembang. Pada tahun 2011, populasi planet itu 7 miliar. Prakiraan pertumbuhan penduduk mengindikasikan pertumbuhan populasi global yang cepat yang akan mencapai 9 miliar pada tahun 2030. Perkiraan juga menunjukkan bahwa: o Sebagian besar pertumbuhan penduduk akan terjadi di negara berkembang, sementara penduduk negara-negara maju akan tetap konstan pada sekitar 1 miliar; dan o Sebuah migrasi yang kuat dari desa ke kota akan berlangsung. Mengingat pertumbuhan penduduk yang diharapkan dan urutan prioritas dalam pengembangan sektor air dan sanitasi dalam mengembangkan pasokan negara-air dan saluran pembuangan pertama, dan hanya kemudian pengobatan sebagai air limbah serta kesulitan keuangan di negara-negara ini, itu tidak dapat diasumsikan bahwa persentase yang rendah saat ini cakupan pengolahan air limbah di negara-negara ini akan meningkat di masa depan, kecuali, strategi baru yang inovatif diadopsi dan pilihan pengolahan air limbah terjangkau digunakan. Sebuah komponen kunci dalam strategi apapun yang ditujukan untuk meningkatkan cakupan pengolahan air limbah harus penerapan teknologi tepat guna pengolahan air limbah yang efektif, mudah dioperasikan, dan biaya rendah (investasi dan terutama dalam operasi dan pemeliharaan). Proses teknologi tepat guna juga lebih ramah lingkungan-karena mereka mengkonsumsi lebih sedikit energi dan dengan demikian memiliki dampak positif pada upaya mengurangi dampak perubahan iklim. Juga, dengan desain modern, proses teknologi yang tepat menyebabkan kurang gangguan lingkungan dari konvensional proses-misalnya mereka menghasilkan jumlah yang lebih rendah dari kelebihan lumpur dan masalah bau mereka dapat dikontrol lebih efektif. Unit proses teknologi yang tepat meliputi (namun tidak terbatas pada) berikut : § Pengobatan Awal oleh Rotating Screens Micro; § Vortex Grit Chambers; § Lagoons Pengobatan (anaerobik, fakultatif dan Polishing), termasuk perkembangan terakhir dalam meningkatkan kinerja laguna; § Anaerobic Treatment proses dari berbagai jenis, terutama, anaerobik Lagoons, Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) Reaktor, Anaerobic Filter dan anerobic Piston Reaktor (PAR); § proses fisiko dari berbagai jenis seperti Perawatan Primer Kimia (CEPT); (vi) Dibangun Wetlands; § Stabilisasi Waduk untuk digunakan kembali air limbah dan keperluan lainnya; § Overland Arus; § Infiltrasi-Perkolasi; § Septic Tank; dan § Submarine dan Sungai Besar outfalls.







































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