multicultural counseling inasmuch as cultural influences are viewed as terjemahan - multicultural counseling inasmuch as cultural influences are viewed as Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

multicultural counseling inasmuch a

multicultural counseling inasmuch as cultural influences are viewed as no different from any other specific problem in living that an individual may face. Research evidence over time has documented specific positive changes resulting from multicultural training (Smith et al., 2006).

Wehrly (1991) describes a five-stage developmental model for multicultural counselor preparation that builds on the work of Carney and Kahn (1984) and Sabnani, Ponterotto, and Borodovsky (1991). The first stage calls for a structured and supportive training environment to reduce student anxiety, encourages self-awareness through keeping a journal, and initiates cultural knowledge learning through ethnic/cultural novels and book reports. The second stage emphasizes seeking information about the student’s own cultural origins and predominant values as well as researching a different ethnic culture, including circumstances of the group’s entry into the United States, treatment (as immigrants, slaves, etc.), and historical help providers throughout their history in this country. The third stage incorporates a deeper understanding of the student’s personal involvement in the racism pervasive in the United States and stresses the importance of the counselor addressing racial/cultural differences between counselor and client during the first counseling session. The fourth and fifth stages involve direct experience working with culturally different clients in practicum and internship settings under trained supervisors.

Training Format
The two primary formats that counselor education programs have utilized for multicultural training are the single course and the curriculum infusion (Fouad, Manese, & Casas, 1992) approaches. One national survery revealed that 89% of doctoral programs in counseling require at least one multicultural course and 58% infuse multicultural content throughout their coursework (Ponterotto, 1997). However, another study of school psychology training programs indicated that 40% had neither multicultural content in core courses nor had specific multicultural courses (Rogers, Ponterotto, Conoley, & Wiese, 1992). Even less promising, another survey of psychologists who received their degrees between 1985 and 1987 reported that only 34% of the respondents indicated that a course on diverse populations was available in their doctoral programs, only 25% had actually taken such a course during graduate school, and 46.3% felt that their graduate coursework had “infrequently” or “never”
covered diversity (Allison, Crawford, Echemendia, Robinson, & Knepp, 1994).






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multikultural konseling sebagaimana pengaruh budaya dipandang sebagai tidak berbeda dari masalah tertentu lainnya dalam hidup yang seorang individu dapat menghadapi. Penelitian bukti dari waktu ke waktu telah mendokumentasikan perubahan positif yang spesifik yang dihasilkan dari pelatihan multikultural (Smith et al., 2006). Wehrly (1991) menggambarkan lima tahap perkembangan model untuk persiapan multikultural konselor yang didasarkan pada karya Carney dan Kahn (1984) dan Sabnani, Ponterotto, dan Borodovsky (1991). Tahap pertama panggilan untuk lingkungan terstruktur dan mendukung pelatihan untuk mengurangi kecemasan siswa, mendorong kesadaran diri melalui menjaga sebuah jurnal, dan memulai belajar pengetahuan budaya melalui etnis/budaya novel dan buku laporan. Tahap kedua menekankan mencari informasi tentang mahasiswa asal budaya dan nilai-nilai yang dominan serta meneliti budaya etnis yang berbeda, termasuk keadaan kelompok masuk ke Amerika Serikat, pengobatan (sebagai imigran, budak, dll), dan bantuan historis provider sepanjang sejarah mereka di negara ini. Tahap ketiga menggabungkan pemahaman yang lebih dalam keterlibatan pribadi siswa dalam rasisme meresap di Amerika Serikat dan menekankan pentingnya konselor mengatasi perbedaan ras/budaya antara konselor dan klien selama sesi konseling pertama. Tahap keempat dan kelima melibatkan pengalaman langsung bekerja dengan klien yang berbeda budaya dalam pengaturan praktikum dan magang di bawah pengawas terlatih.Format pelatihanKedua format utama yang program pendidikan konselor telah digunakan untuk pelatihan multikultural adalah kursus tunggal dan infus kurikulum (Fouad, Manese, & Casas, 1992) pendekatan. Satu Nasional survery mengungkapkan bahwa 89% dari program doktor dalam konseling memerlukan setidaknya satu saja yang multikultural dan 58% menanamkan konten multikultural seluruh tugas mereka (Ponterotto, 1997). Namun, studi lain dari program pelatihan sekolah psikologi menunjukkan bahwa 40% memiliki konten tidak multikultural di mata kuliah inti juga telah spesifik kursus multikultural (Rogers, Ponterotto, Conoley, & Wiese, 1992). Bahkan kurang menjanjikan, survei lain yang psikolog yang menerima gelar mereka antara tahun 1985 dan 1987 melaporkan bahwa hanya 34% responden menunjukkan bahwa kursus pada beragam populasi ini tersedia dalam program doktor mereka, hanya 25% sebenarnya telah mengambil kursus tersebut selama sekolah pasca sarjana, dan 46.3% merasa bahwa kursus pasca sarjana mereka memiliki "jarang" atau "tidak pernah"keragaman tertutup (Allison, Crawford, Echemendia, Robinson, & Knepp, 1994).
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multicultural counseling inasmuch as cultural influences are viewed as no different from any other specific problem in living that an individual may face. Research evidence over time has documented specific positive changes resulting from multicultural training (Smith et al., 2006).

Wehrly (1991) describes a five-stage developmental model for multicultural counselor preparation that builds on the work of Carney and Kahn (1984) and Sabnani, Ponterotto, and Borodovsky (1991). The first stage calls for a structured and supportive training environment to reduce student anxiety, encourages self-awareness through keeping a journal, and initiates cultural knowledge learning through ethnic/cultural novels and book reports. The second stage emphasizes seeking information about the student’s own cultural origins and predominant values as well as researching a different ethnic culture, including circumstances of the group’s entry into the United States, treatment (as immigrants, slaves, etc.), and historical help providers throughout their history in this country. The third stage incorporates a deeper understanding of the student’s personal involvement in the racism pervasive in the United States and stresses the importance of the counselor addressing racial/cultural differences between counselor and client during the first counseling session. The fourth and fifth stages involve direct experience working with culturally different clients in practicum and internship settings under trained supervisors.

Training Format
The two primary formats that counselor education programs have utilized for multicultural training are the single course and the curriculum infusion (Fouad, Manese, & Casas, 1992) approaches. One national survery revealed that 89% of doctoral programs in counseling require at least one multicultural course and 58% infuse multicultural content throughout their coursework (Ponterotto, 1997). However, another study of school psychology training programs indicated that 40% had neither multicultural content in core courses nor had specific multicultural courses (Rogers, Ponterotto, Conoley, & Wiese, 1992). Even less promising, another survey of psychologists who received their degrees between 1985 and 1987 reported that only 34% of the respondents indicated that a course on diverse populations was available in their doctoral programs, only 25% had actually taken such a course during graduate school, and 46.3% felt that their graduate coursework had “infrequently” or “never”
covered diversity (Allison, Crawford, Echemendia, Robinson, & Knepp, 1994).






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