organized and joined labor unions.

organized and joined labor unions. During the early 1900s,
however, businesses—with the help of government—were able to
use court orders, brute force, and even the few existing antitrust
laws to defeat union attempts to improve working conditions.
During this period, consumers generally were subject to the
doctrine of caveat emptor, a Latin phrase meaning “let the buyer
beware.” In other words, “what you see is what you get,” and if it is
not what you expected, too bad. Although victims of unscrupulous
business practices could take legal action, going to court was very
expensive, and consumers rarely won their cases. Moreover, no consumer groups or government agencies existed to publicize their consumers’ grievances or to hold sellers accountable for their actions.
Before the 1930s, most people believed that competition
and the action of the marketplace would, in time, correct abuses.
Government, therefore, became involved in day-to-day business
activities only in cases of obvious abuse of the free-market system.
Six of the more important business-related federal laws passed
between 1887 and 1914 are described in Table 2.2. As you can see,
these laws were aimed more at encouraging competition than at correcting abuses,
although two of them did deal with the purity of food and drug products.
The collapse of the stock market on October 29, 1929, triggered the Great
Depression and years of dire economic problems for the United States. Factory production fell by almost half, and up to 25 percent of the nation’s workforce was unemployed. Before long, public pressure mounted for the government to “do something”
about the economy and about worsening social conditions.
Soon after Franklin D. Roosevelt became president in 1933, he instituted programs to
restore the economy and improve social conditions. The government passed laws to correct what many viewed as the monopolistic abuses of big business, and provided various
social services for individuals. These massive federal programs became the foundation for
increased government involvement in the dealings between business and society.
As government involvement has increased, so has everyone’s awareness of the
social responsibility of business. Today’s business owners are concerned about the
return on their investment, but at the same time most of them demand ethical behavior from employees. In addition, employees demand better working conditions, and
consumers want safe, reliable products. Various advocacy groups echo these concerns
and also call for careful consideration of Earth’s delicate ecological balance. Therefore,
managers must operate in a complex business environment—one in which they are just
as responsible for their managerial actions as for their actions as individual citizens.
Interestingly, today’s high-tech and Internet-based firms fare relatively well when it
comes to environmental issues, worker conditions, the representation of minorities and
women in upper management, animal testing, and charitable donations.


Early Government Regulations that Affected American Business
Six of the important business-related federal laws passed between 1887 and 1914 were aimed more at encouraging
competition than at correcting abuses.
government Regulation Major Provisions
interstate commerce act (1887) First federal act to regulate business practices; provided regulation of railroads
and shipping rates
sherman antitrust act (1890) prevented monopolies or mergers where competition was endangered
pure Food and Drug act (1906) established limited supervision of interstate sales of food and drugs
Meat inspection act (1906) provided for limited supervision of interstate sales of meat and meat products
Federal trade commission act (1914) created the Federal trade commission to investigate illegal trade practices
clayton antitrust act (1914) eliminated many forms of price discrimination that gave large businesses a
competitive advantage over smaller firms

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1:

organized and joined labor unions. During the early 1900s,however, businesses—with the help of government—were able touse court orders, brute force, and even the few existing antitrustlaws to defeat union attempts to improve working conditions.During this period, consumers generally were subject to thedoctrine of caveat emptor, a Latin phrase meaning “let the buyerbeware.” In other words, “what you see is what you get,” and if it isnot what you expected, too bad. Although victims of unscrupulousbusiness practices could take legal action, going to court was veryexpensive, and consumers rarely won their cases. Moreover, no consumer groups or government agencies existed to publicize their consumers’ grievances or to hold sellers accountable for their actions.Before the 1930s, most people believed that competitionand the action of the marketplace would, in time, correct abuses.Government, therefore, became involved in day-to-day businessactivities only in cases of obvious abuse of the free-market system.Six of the more important business-related federal laws passedbetween 1887 and 1914 are described in Table 2.2. As you can see,these laws were aimed more at encouraging competition than at correcting abuses,although two of them did deal with the purity of food and drug products.The collapse of the stock market on October 29, 1929, triggered the GreatDepression and years of dire economic problems for the United States. Factory production fell by almost half, and up to 25 percent of the nation’s workforce was unemployed. Before long, public pressure mounted for the government to “do something”about the economy and about worsening social conditions.Soon after Franklin D. Roosevelt became president in 1933, he instituted programs torestore the economy and improve social conditions. The government passed laws to correct what many viewed as the monopolistic abuses of big business, and provided varioussocial services for individuals. These massive federal programs became the foundation forincreased government involvement in the dealings between business and society.As government involvement has increased, so has everyone’s awareness of thesocial responsibility of business. Today’s business owners are concerned about thereturn on their investment, but at the same time most of them demand ethical behavior from employees. In addition, employees demand better working conditions, andconsumers want safe, reliable products. Various advocacy groups echo these concernsand also call for careful consideration of Earth’s delicate ecological balance. Therefore,managers must operate in a complex business environment—one in which they are justas responsible for their managerial actions as for their actions as individual citizens.Interestingly, today’s high-tech and Internet-based firms fare relatively well when itdatang ke isu-isu lingkungan, kondisi pekerja, perwakilan minoritas danwanita di atas manajemen, pengujian pada hewan dan sumbangan amal.Awal peraturan pemerintah yang mempengaruhi bisnis AmerikaEnam dari penting terkait dengan bisnis undang-undang federal berlalu antara 1887 dan 1914 yang ditujukan untuk lebih mendorongkompetisi daripada di memperbaiki pelanggaran.pemerintah ketentuan peraturan utamaInterstate commerce undang-undang (1887) tindakan federal pertama untuk mengatur praktik bisnis; disediakan peraturan rel kereta apidan tarif pengirimanSherman antitrust bertindak (1890) mencegah monopoli atau merger mana kompetisi terancammurni obat dan makanan act (1906) didirikan terbatas pengawasan interstate penjualan makanan dan obat-obatanDaging inspeksi act (1906) disediakan untuk terbatas pengawasan interstate penjualan daging dan produk dagingUU Komisi Perdagangan Federal (1914) dibuat Komisi Perdagangan Federal untuk menyelidiki praktek-praktek perdagangan ilegalundang-undang antitrust Clayton (1914) dihilangkan banyak bentuk diskriminasi harga yang memberikan bisnis besarkeunggulan kompetitif perusahaan kecil

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:

terorganisir dan bergabung serikat buruh. Selama 1900-an,
bagaimanapun, bisnis-dengan bantuan pemerintah-mampu
menggunakan perintah pengadilan, kekerasan, dan bahkan beberapa antitrust ada
hukum untuk mengalahkan upaya serikat untuk meningkatkan kondisi kerja.
Selama periode ini, konsumen umumnya tunduk yang
doktrin caveat peringatan, frase Latin yang berarti "biarkan pembeli
berhati-hatilah." Dengan kata lain, "apa yang Anda lihat adalah apa yang Anda dapatkan," dan jika
tidak apa yang Anda harapkan, terlalu buruk. Meskipun korban oknum
praktik bisnis bisa mengambil tindakan hukum, akan ke pengadilan sangat
mahal, dan konsumen jarang memenangkan kasus mereka. Selain itu, ada kelompok konsumen atau lembaga pemerintah ada untuk mempublikasikan keluhan konsumen mereka atau untuk menahan penjual jawab atas tindakan mereka.
Sebelum tahun 1930-an, kebanyakan orang percaya bahwa kompetisi
dan aksi pasar akan, dalam waktu, pelanggaran yang benar.
Pemerintah, oleh karena itu , terlibat dalam bisnis sehari-hari
kegiatan hanya dalam kasus penyalahgunaan jelas dari sistem pasar bebas.
Enam dari undang-undang federal yang terkait dengan bisnis yang lebih penting berlalu
antara 1887 dan 1914 dijelaskan pada Tabel 2.2. Seperti yang Anda lihat,
hukum-hukum ini lebih ditujukan untuk mendorong persaingan dari pada pelanggaran mengoreksi,
meskipun dua dari mereka melakukan kesepakatan dengan kemurnian produk makanan dan obat.
Runtuhnya pasar saham pada tanggal 29 Oktober 1929, dipicu Besar
Depresi dan tahun masalah ekonomi yang mengerikan bagi Amerika Serikat. Produksi pabrik turun hampir setengah, dan sampai 25 persen dari angkatan kerja nasional menganggur. Sebelum lama, tekanan publik dipasang bagi pemerintah untuk "melakukan sesuatu"
tentang ekonomi dan tentang memburuknya kondisi sosial.
Segera setelah Franklin D. Roosevelt menjadi presiden pada tahun 1933, ia dilembagakan program untuk
memulihkan perekonomian dan meningkatkan kondisi sosial. Pemerintah mengeluarkan undang-undang untuk memperbaiki apa yang banyak dipandang sebagai pelanggaran monopoli bisnis besar, dan menyediakan berbagai
pelayanan sosial bagi individu. Program-program ini federal yang besar menjadi dasar bagi
peningkatan keterlibatan pemerintah dalam urusan antara bisnis dan masyarakat.
Seperti keterlibatan pemerintah telah meningkat, sehingga memiliki kesadaran semua orang dari
tanggung jawab sosial bisnis. Pemilik bisnis saat ini prihatin tentang
laba atas investasi mereka, tetapi pada saat yang sama sebagian besar dari mereka menuntut perilaku etis dari karyawan. Selain itu, karyawan menuntut kondisi kerja yang lebih baik, dan
konsumen ingin aman, produk handal. Berbagai kelompok advokasi menggemakan keprihatinan ini
dan juga meminta pertimbangan cermat dari keseimbangan ekologi bumi halus. Oleh karena itu,
manajer harus beroperasi dalam bisnis yang kompleks lingkungan di mana mereka hanya
sebagai bertanggung jawab atas tindakan manajerial mereka sebagai tindakan mereka sebagai perorangan warga negara.
Menariknya, perusahaan berbasis internet berteknologi tinggi dan saat ini tarif relatif baik ketika
datang ke lingkungan masalah, kondisi pekerja, representasi minoritas dan
perempuan dalam manajemen atas, pengujian hewan, dan sumbangan amal. Peraturan Pemerintah awal yang Terkena Amerika Bisnis Enam hukum yang terkait dengan bisnis penting federal yang berlalu antara 1887 dan 1914 yang ditujukan lebih pada mendorong persaingan dari . di pelanggaran mengoreksi Peraturan Pemerintah Ketentuan Mayor perdagangan antarnegara tindakan (1887) tindakan federal yang Pertama untuk mengatur praktik bisnis; Peraturan disediakan rel kereta api dan tarif pengiriman tindakan antitrust Sherman (1890) monopoli dicegah atau merger dimana persaingan terancam Makanan murni dan Obat tindakan (1906) didirikan pengawasan terbatas penjualan antar makanan dan obat-obatan Daging inspeksi tindakan (1906) disediakan untuk pengawasan terbatas penjualan antar daging dan produk daging federal komisi perdagangan tindakan (1914) menciptakan komisi perdagangan federal untuk menyelidiki praktek-praktek perdagangan ilegal Clayton tindakan antitrust (1914) dihilangkan banyak bentuk diskriminasi harga yang memberi perusahaan besar yang keunggulan kompetitif dibandingkan perusahaan yang lebih kecil