III. ModelOur strategy consists of first- and second-stage estimation. terjemahan - III. ModelOur strategy consists of first- and second-stage estimation. Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

III. ModelOur strategy consists of

III. Model
Our strategy consists of first- and second-stage estimation. The first-stage is to identify
factors affecting R&D intensity. This entails regressing R&D intensity on growth
opportunities, leverage, growth opportunities interacted with leverage and control variables
for other determinants of R&D intensity that are commonly employed in the literature. The
second-stage is to examine the impact of this estimated R&D intensity on firm value, which
is measured by stock returns. R&D intensity in the second-stage estimation is a covariate
which is endogenously determined in the first-stage. As such, we need to use 2SLS, which
uses the determinants of R&D intensity as instrumental variables.
In the first stage we use a fixed effects model to address estimation bias associated with
omitted variables. Macroeconomic variables affect all firms (i) irrespective of industries.
Thus, we consider the following fixed effects model, which includes time effects, t
θ . Time
effects, t
θ , are denoted by a series of binary variables. In the results reported below we drop
1 θ
to avoid multicollinearity with the constant α . This can be denoted as follows:
0/5000
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Ke: -
Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1: [Salinan]
Disalin!
III. ModelOur strategy consists of first- and second-stage estimation. The first-stage is to identifyfactors affecting R&D intensity. This entails regressing R&D intensity on growthopportunities, leverage, growth opportunities interacted with leverage and control variablesfor other determinants of R&D intensity that are commonly employed in the literature. Thesecond-stage is to examine the impact of this estimated R&D intensity on firm value, whichis measured by stock returns. R&D intensity in the second-stage estimation is a covariatewhich is endogenously determined in the first-stage. As such, we need to use 2SLS, whichuses the determinants of R&D intensity as instrumental variables.In the first stage we use a fixed effects model to address estimation bias associated withomitted variables. Macroeconomic variables affect all firms (i) irrespective of industries.Thus, we consider the following fixed effects model, which includes time effects, tθ . Timeeffects, tθ , are denoted by a series of binary variables. In the results reported below we drop1 θto avoid multicollinearity with the constant α . This can be denoted as follows:
Sedang diterjemahkan, harap tunggu..
Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:[Salinan]
Disalin!
AKU AKU AKU. Model
Strategi kami terdiri dari estimasi pertama dan tahap kedua. The tahap pertama adalah mengidentifikasi
faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi intensitas R & D. Ini memerlukan kemunduran intensitas R & D pada pertumbuhan
kesempatan, leverage, peluang pertumbuhan berinteraksi dengan leverage dan kontrol variabel
untuk penentu lain dari R & intensitas D yang umum digunakan dalam literatur. The
tahap kedua adalah untuk menguji dampak dari intensitas R & D diperkirakan ini terhadap nilai perusahaan, yang
diukur dengan return saham. R & D intensitas dalam estimasi tahap kedua adalah kovariat
yang secara endogen ditentukan dalam tahap pertama. Karena itu, kita perlu menggunakan 2SLS, yang
menggunakan determinan R & D intensitas sebagai variabel instrumental.
Pada tahap pertama kita menggunakan model efek tetap untuk mengatasi bias yang estimasi terkait dengan
variabel dihilangkan. Variabel makroekonomi mempengaruhi semua perusahaan (i) terlepas dari industri.
Dengan demikian, kita pertimbangkan hal berikut tetap model efek, yang meliputi efek waktu, t
θ. Waktu
efek, t
θ, dilambangkan oleh serangkaian variabel biner. Dalam hasil yang dilaporkan di bawah ini kita drop
1 θ
untuk menghindari multikolinearitas dengan α konstan. Hal ini dapat dinyatakan sebagai berikut:
Sedang diterjemahkan, harap tunggu..
 
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