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4.2.2 Noticing/observation• Creating an authentic environmentTo arouse learners’ interest, motivation and curiosity for culture learning, teachers and learners can decorate their classrooms with cultural images of the target culture. For example, teachers and learners can bring photos of families from different cultures or posters and pictures of some typical types of British food and drinks to make a culture wallchart (Tomalin & Stem-pleski, 1993) in the classroom. This technique is known as the culture island (Hughes, 1986) which aims at “attracting student attention, eliciting questions and comments” (p. 168) for culture learning. Learners can also bring some authentic materials about family life in the target culture, or eating and drinking habits of English people to share with the whole class. Such activities will make the lessons more interesting and learners will feel more motivated in learning about the target culture.• Watching videoVideo is used as a means of expanding learners’ ability to observe the cultural behaviours of people of the target culture. With a critical eye, learners can increase their awareness of ob-servable features of the target culture for reflections and language production. For example, a video clip about a British family having dinner with some guests can help learners identify British people’s cultural norms in table manners, self-reflect on those in their own culture and discuss cultural similarities and differences (Table 1). Similarly, watching a video clip about the tradition of tea breaks in British Culture can help learners notice how people of the target culture behave socially in the afternoon tea. By observing cultural behaviours of people from the target culture, learners will “become aware of the ways in which their own cultural back-ground influences their own behaviour, and develop a tolerance for behaviour patterns that are different from their own” (Tomalin & Stempleski, 1993, p. 82)
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