2. Anonymous and Social HacktivismT

2. Anonymous and Social Hacktivism
The popular conception of hackers is one of young men sitting in dark basement rooms for hours upon
end, surrounded by empty takeout containers: alone and unaffiliated. Individual hackers rarely influence history,
the actions of large corporations, or the governments of the world—unless they can somehow work together and
form a collective. The hacktivist group Anonymous seems to have achieved this goal.48
The group’s beginnings can be traced back to 2003, when individual hackers began posting proposals for
collective action on an Internet forum called 4-chan, a simple image-based bulletin board where anyone can post
comments and share images—and one of the least regulated parts of the Internet in the early 2000s. At first, the
idea was the adoption of a decentralized online community that could act anonymously, but in a coordinated
manner. Group actions were usually aligned toward some nebulous goal, with the primary focus being on the
members’ own entertainment. For example, Anonymous members hacked the copy-protect codes of DVDs and
video games and posted them online. This action enabled other hackers to disable the copy protection and copy
these products for free. As the movement grew, some members began to see the potential for greater social and
political activity, and social “hacktivism” was born.49
Anonymous has no leader or formal decision-making mechanism. “Anyone who wants to can be
Anonymous and work toward a set of goals…” a member of Anonymous explained. “We have this agenda that we
all agree on and we all coordinate and act, but all act independently toward it, without any want for recognition.
We just want to get something that we feel is important done…”50
Anonymous’ first move toward a political action came in the form of a distributed denialof- service
(DDoS) attack on the Church of Scientology in 2008. The church had made an attempt to remove an interview
with Tom Cruise, a famous church member, from the Internet.51 The church felt the video injured its image. It
succeeded in removing the video from YouTube and other Web sites, but Anonymous posted the video on the
Gawker Web site.52 The effort gave Anonymous a sense of the power it could harness.53
As the movement grew, Anonymous expanded its targets and attracted media attention. After the Web site
WikiLeaks, which relied on donations to support its operations, released large collections of classified American
military documents and diplomatic cables, PayPal, MasterCard, and Bank of America announced that they would
no longer process donations to WikiLeaks. This action threatened to put the WikiLeaks Web site out of business.
In response, Anonymous launched major DDoS attacks on the Web sites of these financial companies. In 2012,
Anonymous published the names and credit card information of the subscribers to a newsletter published by the
international security think tank, Stratfor, which Anonymous viewed as a reactionary force both online and in the
real world. Stratfor customer credit cards were used to make over $500,000 in fraudulent donations to various
charities.54 Also in 2012, Anonymous attacked the regime of Syrian president Bashar al-Assad. In this instance,
Anonymous went beyond DDoS attacks on government sites and actually set up satellite transmission stations in
all the major cities across Syria to serve as independent media centers in anticipation
of the Syrian government’s efforts to cut off its citizens from the Internet.55
In response to the suicide of Internet activist Aaron Swartz in early 2013, Anonymous briefly corrupted
the Web site of the U.S. Sentencing Commission and threatened to release sensitive information concerning the
U.S. Department of Justice. Anonymous blamed the justice system for Swartz’s suicide, claiming that prosecutors
were pursuing “highly disproportionate sentencing” in cases against some of its members and others, like Swartz,
who championed open access to online documents. Swartz was facing federal charges that he stole millions of
online documents and could have served up to 35 years in prison.56
The group’s strategy of using DDoS attacks and publishing personal information is illegal and has exposed
numerous members of the collective to police inquiry and legal problems. The Interpol international policing body
has been particularly active in its pursuit of Anonymous members. In early 2012, as part of Interpol’s efforts, 25
Anonymous members were arrested in four different countries.57 Furthermore, an influential member of the
collective, known online as “Sabu,” was recently outed as an FBI informant. After participating in the Stratfor
hack, Sabu gave information to the FBI leading to the arrest of several Anonymous senior members.58 However,
after the revelation that one of their own had cooperated with the FBI’s efforts against the group, one member
posted the following: “Don’t you get it by now?#Anonymous is an idea. #Anonymous is a movement. It will keep
growing, adapting and evolving, no matter what.”59
Discussion Questions
1. If you had an opportunity to join Anonymous, would you? Why, or why not?
2. Would you say that Anonymous’ actions in support of WikiLeaks were legal? Were these actions ethical? What
about their actions to set up satellite transmission stations across Syria?
3. How serious of a threat does Anonymous pose to organizational and government Web sites?

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1:

2. anonim dan sosial cardingKonsepsi yang merakyat hacker adalah salah satu dari orang-orang muda yang duduk di ruang bawah tanah yang gelap ruang untuk jam setelahAkhirnya, dikelilingi oleh kosong bungkus makanan wadah: sendirian dan terafiliasi. Hacker individu jarang mempengaruhi sejarah,tindakan perusahaan besar, atau pemerintah dunia — kecuali mereka entah bagaimana dapat bekerja sama danmembentuk sebuah kolektif. Hacktivist kelompok anonim tampaknya telah mencapai goal.48 iniGrup awal dapat ditelusuri kembali ke tahun 2003, ketika hacker individu mulai posting proposal untuktindakan kolektif pada forum Internet disebut 4-chan, sederhana berbasis gambar papan buletin mana siapapun dapat mengirimkomentar dan berbagi gambar- dan salah satu bagian paling tidak diatur internet di awal 2000-an. Pada awalnya,ide adalah adopsi dari komunitas online yang terdesentralisasi yang dapat bertindak secara anonim, tetapi dalam yang terkoordinasicara. Tindakan-tindakan kelompok biasanya selaras menuju beberapa tujuan yang samar-samar, dengan fokus utama padaHiburan anggota sendiri. Sebagai contoh, anggota anonim hacked kode copy-protect DVD danvideo game dan diposting mereka secara online. Tindakan ini memungkinkan hacker lainnya untuk menonaktifkan perlindungan salinan dan SalinProduk ini untuk gratis. Sebagai gerakan tumbuh, beberapa anggota mulai melihat potensi sosial yang lebih besar dankegiatan politik, dan sosial "carding" adalah born.49Anonim tidak memiliki pemimpin atau mekanisme pengambilan keputusan formal. "Siapa pun yang ingin dapatAnonymous and work toward a set of goals…” a member of Anonymous explained. “We have this agenda that weall agree on and we all coordinate and act, but all act independently toward it, without any want for recognition.We just want to get something that we feel is important done…”50Anonymous’ first move toward a political action came in the form of a distributed denialof- service(DDoS) attack on the Church of Scientology in 2008. The church had made an attempt to remove an interviewwith Tom Cruise, a famous church member, from the Internet.51 The church felt the video injured its image. Itsucceeded in removing the video from YouTube and other Web sites, but Anonymous posted the video on theGawker Web site.52 The effort gave Anonymous a sense of the power it could harness.53As the movement grew, Anonymous expanded its targets and attracted media attention. After the Web siteWikiLeaks, which relied on donations to support its operations, released large collections of classified Americanmilitary documents and diplomatic cables, PayPal, MasterCard, and Bank of America announced that they wouldno longer process donations to WikiLeaks. This action threatened to put the WikiLeaks Web site out of business.In response, Anonymous launched major DDoS attacks on the Web sites of these financial companies. In 2012,Anonymous published the names and credit card information of the subscribers to a newsletter published by theinternational security think tank, Stratfor, which Anonymous viewed as a reactionary force both online and in thereal world. Stratfor customer credit cards were used to make over $500,000 in fraudulent donations to variouscharities.54 Also in 2012, Anonymous attacked the regime of Syrian president Bashar al-Assad. In this instance,Anonymous went beyond DDoS attacks on government sites and actually set up satellite transmission stations inall the major cities across Syria to serve as independent media centers in anticipationof the Syrian government’s efforts to cut off its citizens from the Internet.55In response to the suicide of Internet activist Aaron Swartz in early 2013, Anonymous briefly corruptedthe Web site of the U.S. Sentencing Commission and threatened to release sensitive information concerning theU.S. Department of Justice. Anonymous blamed the justice system for Swartz’s suicide, claiming that prosecutorswere pursuing “highly disproportionate sentencing” in cases against some of its members and others, like Swartz,who championed open access to online documents. Swartz was facing federal charges that he stole millions ofonline documents and could have served up to 35 years in prison.56The group’s strategy of using DDoS attacks and publishing personal information is illegal and has exposednumerous members of the collective to police inquiry and legal problems. The Interpol international policing bodyhas been particularly active in its pursuit of Anonymous members. In early 2012, as part of Interpol’s efforts, 25Anonymous members were arrested in four different countries.57 Furthermore, an influential member of thecollective, known online as “Sabu,” was recently outed as an FBI informant. After participating in the Stratforhack, Sabu gave information to the FBI leading to the arrest of several Anonymous senior members.58 However,after the revelation that one of their own had cooperated with the FBI’s efforts against the group, one memberposted the following: “Don’t you get it by now?#Anonymous is an idea. #Anonymous is a movement. It will keepgrowing, adapting and evolving, no matter what.”59Discussion Questions1. If you had an opportunity to join Anonymous, would you? Why, or why not?2. Would you say that Anonymous’ actions in support of WikiLeaks were legal? Were these actions ethical? Whatabout their actions to set up satellite transmission stations across Syria?3. How serious of a threat does Anonymous pose to organizational and government Web sites?

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:

2. Anonymous dan Sosial Hacktivism
Konsepsi populer hacker adalah salah satu laki-laki muda duduk di kamar bawah tanah yang gelap selama berjam-jam pada
akhir, dikelilingi oleh wadah takeout kosong: sendirian dan tidak terafiliasi. Hacker individu jarang mempengaruhi sejarah,
tindakan perusahaan besar, atau pemerintah dunia-kecuali mereka entah bagaimana dapat bekerja sama dan
membentuk sebuah kolektif. Kelompok hacktivist Anonymous tampaknya telah mencapai ini goal.48
awal kelompok ini dapat ditelusuri kembali ke tahun 2003, ketika hacker individu mulai mem-posting proposal untuk
tindakan kolektif pada sebuah forum internet yang disebut 4-chan, sebuah berbasis gambar papan buletin sederhana di mana siapa pun bisa memposting
komentar dan berbagi gambar-dan salah satu bagian paling diatur Internet di awal 2000-an. Pada awalnya,
ide adalah adopsi dari komunitas online desentralisasi yang bisa bertindak secara anonim, tetapi dalam terkoordinasi
secara. Tindakan kelompok biasanya selaras ke arah tujuan yang samar-samar, dengan fokus utama berada di
anggota 'hiburan sendiri. Sebagai contoh, anggota Anonymous meng-hack kode copy-protect DVD dan
video game dan diposting secara online. Tindakan ini memungkinkan hacker lain untuk menonaktifkan perlindungan salinan dan menyalin
produk ini secara gratis. Sebagai gerakan tumbuh, beberapa anggota mulai melihat potensi sosial dan lebih besar
aktivitas politik, dan sosial "hacktivism" adalah born.49
Anonymous tidak memiliki pemimpin atau mekanisme pengambilan keputusan formal. "Siapa pun yang ingin bisa
Anonymous dan bekerja ke arah satu set tujuan ..." anggota dari Anonymous menjelaskan. "Kami memiliki agenda ini yang kita
semua sepakat tentang dan kita semua berkoordinasi dan bertindak, tetapi semua bertindak secara independen ke arah itu, tanpa ingin untuk pengenalan.
Kami hanya ingin mendapatkan sesuatu yang kita rasa penting dilakukan ..." 50
langkah pertama Anonymous 'menuju tindakan politik datang dalam bentuk didistribusikan layanan denialof-
serangan (DDoS) pada Gereja Scientology pada tahun 2008. Gereja telah membuat upaya untuk menghapus sebuah wawancara
dengan Tom Cruise, anggota gereja yang terkenal, dari Internet.51 The gereja merasa video terluka citranya. Ini
berhasil menghapus video dari YouTube dan situs lainnya, tapi Anonymous diposting video di
Web Gawker site.52 upaya memberi Anonymous rasa kekuatan itu bisa harness.53
Sebagai gerakan tumbuh, Anonymous memperluas target dan menarik perhatian media. Setelah situs Web
WikiLeaks, yang mengandalkan sumbangan untuk mendukung operasinya, merilis koleksi besar Amerika diklasifikasikan
dokumen militer dan kabel diplomatik, PayPal, MasterCard, dan Bank of America mengumumkan bahwa mereka akan
sumbangan proses tidak lagi WikiLeaks. Tindakan ini mengancam untuk menempatkan situs Web WikiLeaks keluar dari bisnis.
Sebagai tanggapan, Anonymous melancarkan serangan DDoS besar pada situs web dari perusahaan-perusahaan keuangan. Pada tahun 2012,
Anonymous mempublikasikan nama-nama dan informasi kartu kredit dari pelanggan untuk newsletter yang diterbitkan oleh
tank keamanan think internasional, Stratfor, yang dilihat Anonymous sebagai kekuatan reaksioner baik online dan di
dunia nyata. Kartu kredit pelanggan Stratfor digunakan untuk membuat lebih dari $ 500.000 dalam sumbangan penipuan ke berbagai
charities.54 Juga pada tahun 2012, Anonymous menyerang rezim Presiden Suriah Bashar al-Assad. Dalam hal ini,
Anonymous melampaui serangan DDoS pada situs pemerintah dan benar-benar mengatur stasiun transmisi satelit di
semua kota besar di seluruh Suriah untuk melayani pusat-pusat media independen dalam mengantisipasi
upaya pemerintah Suriah untuk memotong warganya dari Internet.55
di menanggapi bunuh diri aktivis Internet Aaron Swartz di awal 2013, Anonymous sebentar rusak
situs Web Komisi Hukuman AS dan mengancam untuk melepaskan informasi sensitif mengenai
AS Depkeh. Anonymous menyalahkan sistem peradilan untuk bunuh diri Swartz, mengklaim bahwa jaksa
sedang mengejar "hukuman yang sangat tidak proporsional" dalam kasus-kasus terhadap beberapa anggotanya dan lain-lain, seperti Swartz,
yang dijagokan akses terbuka untuk dokumen online. Swartz menghadapi tuduhan federal bahwa ia mencuri jutaan
dokumen online dan bisa melayani hingga 35 tahun di prison.56
strategi kelompok ini menggunakan serangan DDoS dan mempublikasikan informasi pribadi adalah ilegal dan telah terkena
banyak anggota kolektif untuk penyelidikan polisi dan hukum masalah. Interpol kepolisian internasional tubuh
telah sangat aktif dalam mengejar anggota Anonymous. Pada awal 2012, sebagai bagian dari upaya Interpol, 25
anggota Anonymous ditangkap di empat countries.57 berbeda jauh lagi, seorang anggota berpengaruh dari
kolektif, yang dikenal secara online sebagai "Sabu," baru-baru ini outed sebagai informan FBI. Setelah berpartisipasi dalam Stratfor
hack, Sabu memberi informasi kepada FBI yang mengarah ke penangkapan beberapa anggota.58 senior yang Anonymous Namun,
setelah wahyu bahwa salah satu dari mereka telah bekerja sama dengan upaya FBI terhadap kelompok, salah satu anggota
diposting berikut: "Apakah Anda tidak mendapatkannya sekarang? #Anonymous adalah sebuah ide. #Anonymous Adalah gerakan. Ini akan terus
berkembang, beradaptasi dan berkembang, tidak peduli apa. "59
Pertanyaan Diskusi
1. Jika Anda memiliki kesempatan untuk bergabung dengan Anonymous, kan? Mengapa, atau mengapa tidak?
2. Apakah Anda mengatakan bahwa tindakan Anonymous 'dalam mendukung WikiLeaks yang legal? Apakah tindakan ini etis? Apa
tentang tindakan mereka untuk mendirikan stasiun transmisi satelit di seluruh Suriah?
3. Seberapa serius ancaman tidak Anonymous menimbulkan situs Web organisasi dan pemerintah?