information systems in this context: data standards, a communications  terjemahan - information systems in this context: data standards, a communications  Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

information systems in this context

information systems in this context: data standards, a communications infrastructure,
and policy-level agreements on data access, sharing, and reduction
of burden on data providers (Stratton 1996). Each element is necessary, but
not sufficient. Although technical systems may be compatible, data will not
be shared unless there are policy-level agreements to do so. Likewise, agreements
on a policy level cannot be implemented unless adequate technical
systems are in place (Morris et al. 1996).
Standards
Integrated information systems require that users and providers agree on
standards for factors common to many public health systems. This list includes
common definitions of data elements and terms, common classification
systems, compatible telecommunication protocols, and other technical specifications
that allow different systems to be compared, linked, and otherwise
integrated. Public health practitioners should stimulate and facilitate the development
of standards in the areas of (1) core variables and other data
elements, (2) software applications, (3) data transmission, (4) data access, and
(5) confidentiality and security (Madans and Hunter 1996).
Communications Infrastructure
An integrated public health surveillance system is dependent upon an information
network infrastructure (Lasker et al. 1995). Public health data tend to
be distributed, i.e., they are created in numerous locations, for numerous
reasons, and often remain as local databases. Today, many of these data are
stored in electronic format. In its most general terms, an electronic communications
infrastructure includes the equipment, protocols, and software that
allow users to connect and exchange data with other users via local- and widearea
networks. The means of communication are typically dial-up telephone
connections for data communications but are moving toward local-area networks
(LANs) that link the components of a group (such as a local health
department) together. Wide-area networks (WANs) link these smaller components
together with others involved in the same enterprise (e.g., linking
local health departments with state and federal public health agencies). Thus,
sources of information become available to members of networks through
their personal computers or other electronic equipment.
Policies, Legislative Mandates, Regulations,
and Organizational Practices
An integrated public health surveillance system is the result of agreements
that exist between those who provide data and those who use these data.
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information systems in this context: data standards, a communications infrastructure,and policy-level agreements on data access, sharing, and reductionof burden on data providers (Stratton 1996). Each element is necessary, butnot sufficient. Although technical systems may be compatible, data will notbe shared unless there are policy-level agreements to do so. Likewise, agreementson a policy level cannot be implemented unless adequate technicalsystems are in place (Morris et al. 1996).StandardsIntegrated information systems require that users and providers agree onstandards for factors common to many public health systems. This list includescommon definitions of data elements and terms, common classificationsystems, compatible telecommunication protocols, and other technical specificationsthat allow different systems to be compared, linked, and otherwiseintegrated. Public health practitioners should stimulate and facilitate the developmentof standards in the areas of (1) core variables and other dataelements, (2) software applications, (3) data transmission, (4) data access, and(5) confidentiality and security (Madans and Hunter 1996).Communications InfrastructureAn integrated public health surveillance system is dependent upon an informationnetwork infrastructure (Lasker et al. 1995). Public health data tend tobe distributed, i.e., they are created in numerous locations, for numerousreasons, and often remain as local databases. Today, many of these data arestored in electronic format. In its most general terms, an electronic communicationsinfrastructure includes the equipment, protocols, and software thatallow users to connect and exchange data with other users via local- and wideareanetworks. The means of communication are typically dial-up telephoneconnections for data communications but are moving toward local-area networks(LANs) that link the components of a group (such as a local healthdepartment) together. Wide-area networks (WANs) link these smaller componentstogether with others involved in the same enterprise (e.g., linkinglocal health departments with state and federal public health agencies). Thus,sources of information become available to members of networks throughtheir personal computers or other electronic equipment.Policies, Legislative Mandates, Regulations,and Organizational PracticesAn integrated public health surveillance system is the result of agreementsthat exist between those who provide data and those who use these data.
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sistem informasi dalam konteks ini: standar data, infrastruktur komunikasi,
dan perjanjian kebijakan-tingkat akses data, berbagi, dan pengurangan
beban pada penyedia data (Stratton 1996). Setiap elemen yang diperlukan, tetapi
tidak cukup. Meskipun sistem teknis mungkin kompatibel, data tidak akan
dibagi kecuali ada perjanjian kebijakan-tingkat untuk melakukannya. Demikian juga, perjanjian
pada tingkat kebijakan tidak dapat dilaksanakan kecuali teknis yang memadai
sistem di tempat (Morris et al. 1996).
Standar
sistem informasi terpadu mengharuskan pengguna dan penyedia menyepakati
standar untuk faktor umum untuk banyak sistem kesehatan masyarakat. Daftar ini mencakup
definisi umum dari elemen data dan istilah, klasifikasi umum
sistem, protokol telekomunikasi yang kompatibel, dan spesifikasi teknis lainnya
yang memungkinkan sistem yang berbeda untuk dibandingkan, terkait, dan sebaliknya
terintegrasi. Praktisi kesehatan masyarakat harus merangsang dan memfasilitasi pengembangan
standar di bidang (1) variabel inti dan data lainnya
elemen, (2) aplikasi perangkat lunak, (3) transmisi data, (4) akses data, dan
(5) kerahasiaan dan keamanan (Madans dan Hunter 1996).
Infrastruktur Komunikasi
Sebuah terintegrasi sistem surveilans kesehatan masyarakat tergantung pada informasi yang
infrastruktur jaringan (Lasker et al. 1995). Data kesehatan masyarakat cenderung
didistribusikan, yaitu, mereka diciptakan di berbagai lokasi, untuk berbagai
alasan, dan sering tetap sebagai database lokal. Hari ini, banyak dari data ini
disimpan dalam format elektronik. Dalam istilah yang paling umum, sebuah komunikasi elektronik
infrastruktur meliputi peralatan, protokol, dan perangkat lunak yang
memungkinkan pengguna untuk terhubung dan pertukaran data dengan pengguna lain melalui lokal-dan Widearea
jaringan. Sarana komunikasi biasanya dial-up telepon
sambungan untuk komunikasi data, tetapi bergerak menuju jaringan lokal-daerah
(LAN) yang menghubungkan komponen dari kelompok (seperti kesehatan setempat
departemen) bersama-sama. Jaringan yang luas (WAN) menghubungkan komponen-komponen yang lebih kecil
bersama-sama dengan orang lain yang terlibat dalam perusahaan yang sama (misalnya, menghubungkan
departemen kesehatan setempat dengan negara dan lembaga kesehatan masyarakat federal). Dengan demikian,
sumber-sumber informasi menjadi tersedia untuk anggota jaringan melalui
komputer pribadi mereka atau peralatan elektronik lainnya.
Kebijakan, Legislatif Mandat, Peraturan,
dan Praktek Organisasi
Sebuah sistem surveilans kesehatan masyarakat terpadu merupakan hasil kesepakatan
yang ada antara mereka yang menyediakan data dan orang-orang yang menggunakan data tersebut.
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