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–1 °C min–1 vs 2 °C min–1 for conventional fabrics. In order to speed up the overall process, the rate of rise may vary, and be slowest in the most critical temperature range. This critical temperature may need to be determined on a laboratory scale for particular dye/fabric combinations. Some processes recommend a hold in the warm-up sequence at the temperature at which the dye is being most rapidly adsorbed, at about 95 °C [10]. Once dyeing temperature is reached, it is usually held there for 30–60 minutes, although in pale shades as little as 15 minutes may be sufficient. Like the warm-up, the cooling sequence is correspondingly slow.A reduction-clearing step is associated with greater depths of shade. This is often omitted on regular filaments but routinely needed on microfibres. It is carried out in the same way as for conventional polyester: 2 g l–1 caustic soda, 3 g l–1 sodium dithionite, together with a surfactant at 70 °C for 20 minutes, is typical. Once again, the rinsing is more difficult and a neutralising with acetic acid may be needed [11].The final steps are hydroextraction (by centrifuge or vacuum slot) and drying at moderate temperature; 150 °C, for example.
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