Schedules of ReinforcementB. F. Skinner's initial research on operant  terjemahan - Schedules of ReinforcementB. F. Skinner's initial research on operant  Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

Schedules of ReinforcementB. F. Ski


Schedules of Reinforcement
B. F. Skinner's initial research on operant conditioning with laboratory rats had them pressing a lever for small pellets of lab chow. Each lever-press produced a single pellet. Skinner had to make the pellets himself and a typical rat could earn and consume upwards of 300 pellets in a single experimental session. He was having trouble keeping up with the demand.
Then one day, Skinner returned to the lab after an experimental session had finished and discovered that the relay actuating the feeder had become unreliable: only occasionally would one of the rat's lever-presses succeed in producing a pellet -- most went unreinforced. One might have expected the rate of responding on the lever to fall, but instead, it actually went up.
One immediate implication of this result was that Skinner could begin to schedule reinforcers like this on purpose and get by on far fewer pellets per session. But far more important was Skinner's realization that behavior could not be completely predicted simply from the knowledge that certain responses were being reinforced. The rate of responding and its pattern of change over time depends not only on what response is reinforced, but on the way in which reinforcers are scheduled -- on the schedule of reinforcement. With his usual thoroughness, Skinner began the job of determining the pattern of responding characteristic of various reinforcement schedules.
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Schedules of ReinforcementB. F. Skinner's initial research on operant conditioning with laboratory rats had them pressing a lever for small pellets of lab chow. Each lever-press produced a single pellet. Skinner had to make the pellets himself and a typical rat could earn and consume upwards of 300 pellets in a single experimental session. He was having trouble keeping up with the demand. Then one day, Skinner returned to the lab after an experimental session had finished and discovered that the relay actuating the feeder had become unreliable: only occasionally would one of the rat's lever-presses succeed in producing a pellet -- most went unreinforced. One might have expected the rate of responding on the lever to fall, but instead, it actually went up. One immediate implication of this result was that Skinner could begin to schedule reinforcers like this on purpose and get by on far fewer pellets per session. But far more important was Skinner's realization that behavior could not be completely predicted simply from the knowledge that certain responses were being reinforced. The rate of responding and its pattern of change over time depends not only on what response is reinforced, but on the way in which reinforcers are scheduled -- on the schedule of reinforcement. With his usual thoroughness, Skinner began the job of determining the pattern of responding characteristic of various reinforcement schedules.
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Jadwal Penguatan
B. Penelitian awal F. Skinner tentang operant conditioning dengan tikus laboratorium telah mereka menekan tuas untuk pelet kecil lab chow. Setiap tuas-tekan menghasilkan pelet tunggal. Skinner harus membuat pelet sendiri dan tikus yang khas bisa mendapatkan dan mengkonsumsi ke atas dari 300 pelet dalam sesi percobaan tunggal. Dia mengalami kesulitan menjaga dengan permintaan.
Lalu suatu hari, Skinner kembali ke lab setelah sesi percobaan telah selesai dan menemukan bahwa relay actuating feeder telah menjadi tidak dapat diandalkan: hanya kadang-kadang akan salah satu tuas-menekan tikus berhasil dalam memproduksi pelet - kebanyakan pergi lipat. Satu mungkin diharapkan tingkat menanggapi pada tuas jatuh, tetapi sebaliknya, itu benar-benar naik.
Salah satu implikasi langsung dari hasil ini adalah bahwa Skinner bisa mulai menjadwalkan reinforcers seperti ini pada tujuan dan mendapatkan oleh pada jauh lebih sedikit pelet per sesi. Tapi jauh lebih penting adalah kesadaran Skinner bahwa perilaku tidak dapat sepenuhnya diprediksi hanya dari pengetahuan bahwa respon tertentu sedang diperkuat. Tingkat menanggapi dan pola perubahannya dari waktu ke waktu tidak hanya tergantung pada apa respon diperkuat, tetapi pada cara di mana reinforcers dijadwalkan - pada jadwal penguatan. Dengan ketelitian biasa, Skinner memulai pekerjaan menentukan pola merespon karakteristik berbagai jadwal penguatan.
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