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Schedules of ReinforcementB. F. Skinner's initial research on operant conditioning with laboratory rats had them pressing a lever for small pellets of lab chow. Each lever-press produced a single pellet. Skinner had to make the pellets himself and a typical rat could earn and consume upwards of 300 pellets in a single experimental session. He was having trouble keeping up with the demand. Then one day, Skinner returned to the lab after an experimental session had finished and discovered that the relay actuating the feeder had become unreliable: only occasionally would one of the rat's lever-presses succeed in producing a pellet -- most went unreinforced. One might have expected the rate of responding on the lever to fall, but instead, it actually went up. One immediate implication of this result was that Skinner could begin to schedule reinforcers like this on purpose and get by on far fewer pellets per session. But far more important was Skinner's realization that behavior could not be completely predicted simply from the knowledge that certain responses were being reinforced. The rate of responding and its pattern of change over time depends not only on what response is reinforced, but on the way in which reinforcers are scheduled -- on the schedule of reinforcement. With his usual thoroughness, Skinner began the job of determining the pattern of responding characteristic of various reinforcement schedules.
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