3. Proper use of and pitfalls in DCFAdopting DCF, and NPV in particula terjemahan - 3. Proper use of and pitfalls in DCFAdopting DCF, and NPV in particula Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

3. Proper use of and pitfalls in DC

3. Proper use of and pitfalls in DCF
Adopting DCF, and NPV in particular, is only the first step towards effective capital
budgeting. It is critical to ensure that DCF techniques are properly utilized. In the UK
and US this is not necessarily the case and many DCF parameters are treated
inconsistently (Booth, 1999; Boquist et al., 1998; Tyrrall, 1998). DCF techniques
deficiencies were considered to be in the application rather than theory. As Drury and
Tayles (1997, p. 86) noted:
[. . .] despite the increased usage of the more theoretically sound discounting techniques,
several writers in both the UK and US have claimed that companies are under investing
because they misapply or misinterpret DCF techniques.The following sections review
misinterpretation and misapplication.
3.1 Cash flow estimation
In terms of specific aspects of correct practice, DCF techniques should be based on cash
flows not accounting income (Brealey and Myers, 2003). Canadian firms did not
properly determine cash flows in their capital investment analysis. Aspect misapplied
were: deducting non-cash expense such as depreciation from accounting income,
deducting an allocation of existing overhead costs, subtracting interest expenses and
not deducting income tax (Nicholson and Ffolliott, 1966). Treatment of interest expense
and other financial costs is one of the most common causes of error in estimating cash
flows (Bierman and Smidt, 1993). Including interest charges in the forecasted cash
flows as well as in cost of capital double counts the cost of debt and may result in
rejecting valuable investment projects. Thus, interest expenses and other financing
costs should never be included in project cash flows (Bierman and Smidt, 1993).
Firms are expected to recognize inflation in capital budgeting decisions (Brigham
and Ehrhardt, 2002). Omitting inflation understates cash inflows and the resulting
NPV particularly in long-term investment projects. There are two approaches to adjust
for inflation: either real cash flows are discounted at a real rate or nominal cash flows
discounted at a nominal rate. In one UK study, inflation was properly treated in DCF
analysis by only 27 percent of firms (Drury and Tayles, 1997).
3.2 Discount rate
The cost of capital is a key parameter of DCF calculation. Firms are expected to use the
weighted average cost of funds from various sources including debt, preferred stock
and common equity (Brigham and Ehrhardt, 2002). Firms that employ a single cost of
funds (for example, the cost of debt if the project is financed by borrowings) make an
erroneous choice. The weights used in calculating the cost of capital should preferably
be based on the firm’s capital structure target or market values, rather than book
values. Target values are the ideal, but market values are a good proxy for target
values (Brigham and Ehrhardt, 2002). Two studies from Table I examined whether
firms determined the WACC, with 56.9 percent using it one study (Jog and Srivastava,
1995) and similar results (46.2 percent) in the second (Payne et al., 1999). Both studies
also revealed that a large number of firms employed theoretically incorrect methods
(such as the cost of debt or past experience) to determine the discount rate. In Canada,
research inquiring about the weights used in computing the WACC is absent.
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3. Proper use of and pitfalls in DCFAdopting DCF, and NPV in particular, is only the first step towards effective capitalbudgeting. It is critical to ensure that DCF techniques are properly utilized. In the UKand US this is not necessarily the case and many DCF parameters are treatedinconsistently (Booth, 1999; Boquist et al., 1998; Tyrrall, 1998). DCF techniquesdeficiencies were considered to be in the application rather than theory. As Drury andTayles (1997, p. 86) noted:[. . .] despite the increased usage of the more theoretically sound discounting techniques,several writers in both the UK and US have claimed that companies are under investingbecause they misapply or misinterpret DCF techniques.The following sections reviewmisinterpretation and misapplication.3.1 Cash flow estimationIn terms of specific aspects of correct practice, DCF techniques should be based on cashflows not accounting income (Brealey and Myers, 2003). Canadian firms did notproperly determine cash flows in their capital investment analysis. Aspect misappliedwere: deducting non-cash expense such as depreciation from accounting income,deducting an allocation of existing overhead costs, subtracting interest expenses andnot deducting income tax (Nicholson and Ffolliott, 1966). Treatment of interest expenseand other financial costs is one of the most common causes of error in estimating cashflows (Bierman and Smidt, 1993). Including interest charges in the forecasted cashflows as well as in cost of capital double counts the cost of debt and may result inrejecting valuable investment projects. Thus, interest expenses and other financingcosts should never be included in project cash flows (Bierman and Smidt, 1993).Firms are expected to recognize inflation in capital budgeting decisions (Brighamand Ehrhardt, 2002). Omitting inflation understates cash inflows and the resultingNPV particularly in long-term investment projects. There are two approaches to adjustfor inflation: either real cash flows are discounted at a real rate or nominal cash flowsdiscounted at a nominal rate. In one UK study, inflation was properly treated in DCFanalysis by only 27 percent of firms (Drury and Tayles, 1997).3.2 Discount rateThe cost of capital is a key parameter of DCF calculation. Firms are expected to use theweighted average cost of funds from various sources including debt, preferred stockand common equity (Brigham and Ehrhardt, 2002). Firms that employ a single cost offunds (for example, the cost of debt if the project is financed by borrowings) make anerroneous choice. The weights used in calculating the cost of capital should preferablybe based on the firm’s capital structure target or market values, rather than bookvalues. Target values are the ideal, but market values are a good proxy for targetvalues (Brigham and Ehrhardt, 2002). Two studies from Table I examined whetherfirms determined the WACC, with 56.9 percent using it one study (Jog and Srivastava,1995) and similar results (46.2 percent) in the second (Payne et al., 1999). Both studiesalso revealed that a large number of firms employed theoretically incorrect methods(such as the cost of debt or past experience) to determine the discount rate. In Canada,research inquiring about the weights used in computing the WACC is absent.
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3. Tepat penggunaan dan perangkap di DCF
Mengadopsi DCF, dan NPV khususnya, hanya langkah pertama menuju ibukota efektif
penganggaran. Hal ini penting untuk memastikan bahwa teknik DCF dimanfaatkan dengan baik. Di Inggris
dan AS ini belum tentu terjadi dan banyak parameter DCF diperlakukan
tidak konsisten (Booth, 1999;. Boquist et al, 1998; Tyrrall, 1998). DCF teknik
kekurangan dianggap dalam aplikasi daripada teori. Sebagai Drury dan
Tayles (. 1997, hal 86) mencatat:
[. . .] Meskipun peningkatan penggunaan teknik pendiskontoan lebih teoritis suara,
beberapa penulis di Inggris dan Amerika Serikat telah menyatakan bahwa perusahaan berada di bawah investasi
karena mereka menyalahgunakan atau salah menafsirkan DCF techniques.The berikut bagian Ulasan
salah tafsir dan penyalahgunaan.
Estimasi arus kas 3.1
Dalam ditinjau dari aspek tertentu dari praktek yang benar, teknik DCF harus didasarkan pada kas
arus tidak akuntansi pendapatan (Brealey dan Myers, 2003). Perusahaan-perusahaan Kanada tidak
benar menentukan arus kas dalam analisis investasi modal mereka. Aspek disalahgunakan
adalah: dikurangi beban non-kas seperti penyusutan dari laba akuntansi,
dikurangi alokasi biaya overhead yang ada, mengurangi beban bunga dan
tidak dikurangi pajak penghasilan (Nicholson dan Ffolliott, 1966). Pengobatan beban bunga
dan biaya keuangan lainnya adalah salah satu penyebab paling umum dari kesalahan dalam mengestimasi kas
arus (Bierman dan Smidt, 1993). Termasuk beban bunga tunai yang diperkirakan
arus serta biaya modal jumlah dua kali lipat biaya utang dan dapat mengakibatkan
menolak proyek-proyek investasi yang berharga. Dengan demikian, beban bunga dan pembiayaan lainnya
biaya seharusnya tidak pernah dimasukkan dalam arus kas proyek (Bierman dan Smidt, 1993).
Perusahaan diharapkan untuk mengenali inflasi dalam keputusan penganggaran modal (Brigham
dan Ehrhardt, 2002). Menghilangkan inflasi understates arus kas masuk dan yang dihasilkan
NPV khususnya dalam proyek-proyek investasi jangka panjang. Ada dua pendekatan untuk menyesuaikan
dengan inflasi: arus kas baik yang nyata didiskontokan pada tingkat nyata atau arus kas nominal
didiskontokan pada tingkat nominal. Dalam satu penelitian di Inggris, inflasi benar dirawat di DCF
analisis oleh hanya 27 persen dari perusahaan-perusahaan (Drury dan Tayles, 1997).
3.2 Tingkat diskonto
Biaya modal adalah parameter kunci dari perhitungan DCF. Perusahaan diharapkan untuk menggunakan
biaya rata-rata tertimbang dana dari berbagai sumber termasuk utang, saham preferen
dan saham biasa (Brigham dan Ehrhardt, 2002). Perusahaan yang mempekerjakan biaya tunggal
dana (misalnya, biaya utang jika proyek tersebut dibiayai oleh pinjaman) membuat
pilihan yang salah. Bobot yang digunakan dalam menghitung biaya modal sebaiknya
didasarkan pada struktur modal target atau pasar nilai perusahaan, daripada buku
nilai. Nilai target ideal, tetapi nilai pasar adalah proxy yang baik untuk sasaran
nilai (Brigham dan Ehrhardt, 2002). Dua studi dari Tabel I diperiksa apakah
perusahaan menentukan WACC, dengan 56,9 persen menggunakan salah satu studi (Jog dan Srivastava,
1995) dan hasil yang sama (46,2 persen) di kedua (Payne et al., 1999). Kedua studi
juga mengungkapkan bahwa sejumlah besar perusahaan bekerja secara teoritis metode yang salah
(seperti biaya utang atau pengalaman masa lalu) untuk menentukan tingkat diskonto. Di Kanada,
penelitian bertanya tentang bobot yang digunakan dalam menghitung WACC tidak ada.
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