DiscussionThe present study was con

Discussion


The present study was conducted to investigate differences in the perception of emotional body movements in patients with BPD. Body language is a reliable source of information for assessing emotional states. It can convey emotions and may trigger more complex behavioral responses within the observer than facial expressions might do (de Gelder, 2006). Thereby it plays a significant role in the context of social interacting and functioning which are domains in which many psychiatric patients encounter difficulties. However, until now, no study using PLDs has examined the relationship between BPD and the perception of emotions presented solely through body movements without additional facial expressions.

This study provided one major finding: In comparison to HC, patients with BPD felt less confident when evaluating the depicted emotional scenes. Although not statistically significant, however, due to the exploratory nature of this work it is still noteworthy that patients tended to become less confident the more difficult the videos became to evaluate. Also not statistically significant but still noteworthy was that there might be the effects that firstly, patients with BPD rated monadic but not dyadic scenes more negatively; and secondly, patients rated monadic scenes as being more intense. These indications could be investigated in a subsequent study. To sum up, the present work provides evidence that patients with BPD differ in their feelings of confidence during perception of and response to emotional body movements when they are presented within a point-light display paradigm. Less confidence in emotion perception may lead patients to refrain from approaching social situations or interactions or to behave less confidently within such situations. This behavior, in turn, could have adverse effects on such




or future interactions.


When examining the first hypothesis that patients with BPD would show a general bias when rating the emotional valence of the depicted interactions, we found no differences between groups. Thus, patients rated the emotions shown just as well as HC. This was also true in regard to the factors difficulty, social context and depicted emotion, which not lead to any significant group differences or interaction effects. Thus, and in contrast to findings that reflect a biased or distorted emotion perception, our findings are similar to those that patients did not show general deficits in emotion recognition or a perception bias, especially towards negative emotions (Domes et al., 2008; Minzenberg et al., 2006; Robin et al., 2012; Schilling et al., 2012; Sieswerda et al., 2013; Unoka et al., 2011). Contrary to previous findings of a negatively biased perception of emotions in patients with BPD (Arntz & Veen,
2001; Baer et al., 2012; Barnow et al., 2009; Dyck et al., 2009) we were unable to detect such a clear effect in this study as that found when applying the same paradigm to a group of patients with major depressive disorder (Kaletsch et al., 2014). Whereas patients with major depressive disorder may tend to perceive emotional interactions with a negative bias on a more general level in line with a negative view of the world, people with BPD might show differential effects not when observing but only when directly involved in an interaction and therefore making the interaction more personally relevant.

Even though it failed to attain significance, the two-way interaction between social context and group indicated that patients with BPD rated monadic scenes but not dyadic scenes more negatively than HC. This effect, however, only indicated a trend and future research could investigate the relationship between aversive feelings when being lonely, empathy, and the number of persons observed.

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1:

DiskusiPenelitian ini dilakukan untuk menyelidiki perbedaan dalam persepsi gerakan tubuh emosional pada pasien dengan BPD. Bahasa tubuh adalah sumber informasi untuk menilai keadaan emosi. Ini dapat menyampaikan emosi dan dapat memicu lebih kompleks perilaku tanggapan dalam waktu pengamat daripada ekspresi wajah mungkin (de Gelder, 2006). Dengan demikian itu memainkan peranan penting dalam konteks sosial berinteraksi dan fungsi yang merupakan domain di mana banyak kejiwaan pasien menghadapi kesulitan. Namun, sampai sekarang, tidak ada studi yang menggunakan PLDs telah meneliti hubungan antara BPD dan persepsi dari emosi yang disajikan hanya melalui gerakan tubuh tanpa ekspresi wajah tambahan.Studi ini disediakan satu temuan utama: dibandingkan dengan HC, pasien dengan BPD merasa kurang percaya diri ketika mengevaluasi adegan emosional depicted. Meskipun tidak signifikan secara statistik, namun, karena sifat eksplorasi karya ini masih perlu dicatat bahwa pasien cenderung menjadi kurang percaya diri semakin sulit video menjadi untuk mengevaluasi. Juga tidak signifikan secara statistik tapi masih perlu diperhatikan adalah bahwa mungkin ada efek yang pertama, pasien dengan BPD dinilai monadic tetapi tidak dyadic adegan lebih negatif; dan kedua, pasien diberi nilai monadic adegan sebagai lebih intens. Indikasi ini bisa diselidiki dalam sebuah penelitian yang berikutnya. Singkatnya, karya ini memberikan bukti bahwa pasien dengan BPD berbeda dalam perasaan mereka keyakinan selama persepsi dan menanggapi gerakan tubuh emosional ketika mereka disajikan dalam paradigma titik-cahaya layar. Kurang kepercayaan dalam persepsi emosi dapat menyebabkan pasien untuk menahan diri dari mendekati situasi sosial atau interaksi atau berperilaku kurang percaya diri dalam situasi seperti itu. Perilaku ini, pada gilirannya, dapat memiliki efek buruk pada seperti atau interaksi masa depan.When examining the first hypothesis that patients with BPD would show a general bias when rating the emotional valence of the depicted interactions, we found no differences between groups. Thus, patients rated the emotions shown just as well as HC. This was also true in regard to the factors difficulty, social context and depicted emotion, which not lead to any significant group differences or interaction effects. Thus, and in contrast to findings that reflect a biased or distorted emotion perception, our findings are similar to those that patients did not show general deficits in emotion recognition or a perception bias, especially towards negative emotions (Domes et al., 2008; Minzenberg et al., 2006; Robin et al., 2012; Schilling et al., 2012; Sieswerda et al., 2013; Unoka et al., 2011). Contrary to previous findings of a negatively biased perception of emotions in patients with BPD (Arntz & Veen,2001; Baer et al., 2012; Barnow et al., 2009; Dyck et al., 2009) we were unable to detect such a clear effect in this study as that found when applying the same paradigm to a group of patients with major depressive disorder (Kaletsch et al., 2014). Whereas patients with major depressive disorder may tend to perceive emotional interactions with a negative bias on a more general level in line with a negative view of the world, people with BPD might show differential effects not when observing but only when directly involved in an interaction and therefore making the interaction more personally relevant.Meskipun gagal untuk mencapai kepentingan, interaksi dua arah antara konteks sosial dan grup menunjukkan bahwa pasien dengan BPD dinilai monadic adegan tapi tidak dyadic adegan lebih negatif daripada HC. Efek ini, namun, hanya menunjukkan tren dan penelitian masa depan bisa menyelidiki hubungan antara permusuhan perasaan ketika sedang kesepian, empati, dan jumlah orang yang diamati.