Communication apprehensionand communication self-efficacyin accounting terjemahan - Communication apprehensionand communication self-efficacyin accounting Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

Communication apprehensionand commu

Communication apprehension
and communication self-efficacy
in accounting students
Trevor Hassall
Sheffield Business School, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
Jose L. Arquero
Dpto. de Contabilidad y Ec. Financera, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Espana
John Joyce
Sheffield Business School, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK, and
Jose M. Gonzalez
Dpto. de Contabilidad y Ec. Financera, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Espana
Abstract
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to establish a link between communication apprehension and
communication self-efficacy in accounting students.
Design/methodology/approach – This is achieved by the use of two questionnaires jointly
distributed to the students involved. The Personal Report of Communication Apprehension (PRCA-24)
developed by McCroskey to measure oral communication apprehension[1] (OCA) and the instrument
for written communication apprehension (WCA) developed by Daly and Miller and a questionnaire to
measure communication self-efficacy. This had been developed using the guidelines set out by
Bandura and was designed to measure two constructs: oral communication self-efficacy, and written
communication self-efficacy.
Findings – The two separate statistical tests to identify the connection between the two concepts both
indicated the existence of a strong relationship between the two. This was shown not only in the
overall relationship between communication apprehension and self-efficacy but also equally strongly
in their constituent components.
Practical implications – The existence of this relationship is important because it provides a
possible development in terms of understanding the barrier to the development of communication
skills and also indicates a possible redirection to alleviate and remove the barrier. In order for
accountants to meet future challenges, there is substantial evidence that the development of
communication skills will be vital.
Originality/value – This paper draws the conclusion that in the future consideration needs to be
given to incorporating into the pedagogy of accounting education, especially in those areas involving
the development of communication skills, approaches that increase self-efficacy.
Keywords Communication skills, Communication apprehension, Communication self-efficacy,
Accounting, Communication
Paper type Research paper
Introduction
There is a chronicled history of the concerns expressed by employers and professional
bodies that the current accounting education process is failing to produce accountants
who possess the requisite communication skills. Despite the early and clear recognition
of the need for change, and efforts being made to remedy the situation, the concerns are
still prevalent. Research has indicated that a barrier, in the form of communication
apprehension (CA), is apparent in many individuals who are attracted to careers in the
accounting profession. In the current system of mass education of which accounting
The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at
www.emeraldinsight.com/1321-7348.htm
Asian Review of Accounting
Vol. 21 No. 2, 2013
pp. 160-175
r Emerald Group Publishing Limited
1321-7348
DOI 10.1108/ARA-03-2013-0017
160
ARA
21,2
education is a part, individuals with high levels of CA are unlikely to receive the
interventions that could help them.
A link is suggested between self-efficacy and communication skills. If such a link can
be established it presents possibilities to redirect the efforts aimed at the development of
communication skills for accountants. The implications of this redirection are outlined
and possibilities for future research are identified.
The changing role of accountants
Recent technological advances, coupled with globalization, mean that accountants are
being asked increasingly to work in a constantly changing complex and demanding
environment (Parker, 2001; Elliot and Jacobsen, 2002). This has brought about changes in
the way accountants carry out their work (Holtzman, 2004; Walker, 2004; Palmer et al.,
2004). Software developments have shifted the focus from preparation to interpretation of
financial information, and an increased involvement in strategic planning (Wilder and
Stocks, 2004; Olivier, 2001). International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) – Financial
and Management Accounting Committee, 2002) has also recognized this change,
commenting that the role of accountants is moving from “transaction manager” to
“communicator and strategist”. The use of information technology has resulted in less
emphasis on the preparation of accounts and increasing focus on the communication of
the information they contain. Harrington (2000) believes that in the future, the role and
contribution of accountants in practice will continue to grow, but the extent to which this
occurs will be dependent on the accountant’s ability to meet new demands by acquiring
new skills. Accountants in business also recognize that change is occurring. Russell et al.
(1999) observe that many management accountants have moved physically from the
accounting department to operating departments. Increasingly, they are working in crossfunctional
teams and are now involved more actively in decision making. This
“relocation” demands that management accountants spend more time communicating
with people in their organization and that good interpersonal skills are essential for
success. The role of the accountant is changing from the traditional “bean counter” to that
of a broad market orientated, business advisor and financial expert.
Howieson (2003) notes the potential confusion surrounding the future roles for
accountants and suggests that a balance will have to be struck between being
“generalists” and “specialists”.Whilst working in a specific industry, accountants will be
required to have specialist knowledge of that industry and the ability to interpret
information in the context of an organizational strategy. He contends that in the new
competitive environment accountants must position themselves as the “gurus” of
knowledge management by thinking globally in a way that provides their clients with
value added services. This will position them as the elite top advisors to businesses. This
view is consistent with Covaleski et al. (2003) who also stress the importance to the
emerging accountant of knowledge management and the ability to use this to develop a
holistic understanding of economic changes. There is a clearly established need to
change the way inwhich accountants will approach their work in the future especially in
terms of newer value added activities such as long-term strategic planning, customer
and product profitability and process improvement. In order to do this, consideration
needs to be given to the skills that will be essential for future success.
The skills expectations gap
The profiles of financial managers will need to change so that they are equipped
to meet the challenges posed by the new environment. For future accountants to
161
Communication
apprehension
meet these challenges there is substantial evidence that the development of
communication skills will be vital. To assume these new roles, finance managers of
the future will need to possess strong communication skills, the ability to interpret
complex financial data and a broad knowledge of global economic markets and
cultural issues (IFAC – Financial and Management Accounting Committee, 2002).
A major US survey of management accounting by Siegel and Sorenson (1999) notes
the changing role of management accountants. Their survey also asked
employers to identify the most important knowledge, skills and abilities
necessary for success. These were: communication (oral written and presentation)
skills, ability to work in a team, analytical skills, a solid understanding of
accounting and an understanding of how a business functions. To respond to the
changing environment and to react to employers’ requirements, the specific needs
of employers must be identified. These findings are consistent with those of Palmer
et al. (2004) in a professional practice context.
Professional and academic associations, predominantly in the USA, have
through published reports and statements made public their views of the desired
profile of a professional accountant (American Institute of Certified Public
Accountants (AICPA) (Comite´ Beamer), 1969; American Institute of Certified Public
Accountants (AICPA), Future Issues Committee, 1987; American Institute of
Certified Public Accountants (AICPA), 1988, 1992, 1999; American Accounting
Association Committee on the Future, Content, and Scope of Accounting Education,
1986; Arthur Andersen and Co, 1989; Accounting Education Change Commission,
1990; International Federation of Accountants (IFAC), Education Committee, 1994,
1996; Albrecht and Sack, 2000). The most consistent finding to have arisen from
these statements is the increasing importance given to non-accounting capabilities
and skills. Albrecht and Sack (2000) indicated agreement between educators and
practitioners on which skills are the most important. The three skills identified by
both educators and practitioners were written communications, analytical/critical
thinking and oral communications. Geographically, there is a consensus on the
importance to the future accounting profession of communication skills: Diamond
(2005) in the USA; Hassall et al. (2003, 2005a) and Arquero et al. (2001, 2007) in a
European context; Kavanagh and Drennan (2008), De Lange et al. (2006), Jackling
and De Lange (2009) from an Australian perspective;Wells et al. (2009), Gray (2010),
Gray and Murray (2011) from a New Zealand perspective. All these studies indicate
the perceived importance of communication skills in terms of the desired
capabilities for the recruitment of current and future accountants.
5000/5000
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Ke: Bahasa Indonesia
Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1: [Salinan]
Disalin!
Komunikasi ketakutandan komunikasi diri-kemanjurandalam akuntansiTrevor HassallSekolah Bisnis Sheffield, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UKJose L. ArqueroDpto. de Contabilidad y Ec. Financera, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, EspanaJohn JoyceSekolah Bisnis Sheffield, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, Inggris, danJose Gonzalez M.Dpto. de Contabilidad y Ec. Financera, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, EspanaAbstrakTujuan-tujuan karya ini adalah untuk membangun hubungan antara komunikasi ketakutan dankomunikasi diri-kemanjuran dalam akuntansi.Desain/metodologi/pendekatan-hal ini dicapai dengan menggunakan dua kuesioner bersamadidistribusikan kepada siswa yang terlibat. Laporan pribadi komunikasi ketakutan (PRCA-24)dikembangkan oleh McCroskey untuk mengukur komunikasi lisan ketakutan [1] (OCA) dan instrumenuntuk komunikasi tertulis ketakutan (WCA) dikembangkan oleh Daly dan Miller dan kuesionermengukur komunikasi diri-kemanjuran. Ini telah dikembangkan menggunakan pedoman yang ditetapkanBandura dan dirancang untuk mengukur dua konstruksi: komunikasi lisan kemanjuran diri, dan dituliskomunikasi diri-efikasi.Temuan – dua tes Statistik terpisah untuk mengidentifikasi hubungan antara dua konsep keduamenunjukkan adanya hubungan yang kuat antara keduanya. Ini ditunjukkan tidak hanya dikeseluruhan hubungan antara komunikasi ketakutan dan kemanjuran diri tetapi juga sangat samakomponen konstituen mereka.Praktis implikasi – adanya hubungan ini penting karena memberikankemungkinan pengembangan dalam hal pemahaman penghalang untuk kemajuan di bidang komunikasiketerampilan dan juga menunjukkan pengalihan mungkin untuk mengurangi dan menghilangkan penghalang. Dalam rangka untukAkuntan untuk memenuhi tantangan di masa depan, ada adalah substansial bukti bahwa pengembanganketerampilan komunikasi akan menjadi penting.Orisinalitas/nilai-kertas ini menarik kesimpulan bahwa di masa depan pertimbangan perludiberikan untuk memasukkan ke dalam pedagogi akuntansi pendidikan, terutama di daerah-daerah yang melibatkanpengembangan keterampilan komunikasi, pendekatan peningkatan diri-keberhasilan.Kata kunci keterampilan komunikasi, komunikasi ketakutan, komunikasi diri-efektivitas,Akuntansi, komunikasiJenis kertas penelitian makalah penelitianPendahuluanAda Riwayat chronicled kekhawatiran yang diungkapkan oleh pengusaha dan profesionaltubuh yang proses pendidikan akuntansi saat ini gagal untuk menghasilkan akuntanyang memiliki keterampilan komunikasi yang diperlukan. Meskipun pengakuan awal dan jelasperlunya perubahan, dan upaya-upaya yang dilakukan untuk memperbaiki situasi, keprihatinan yangmasih lazim. Penelitian telah menunjukkan bahwa penghalang, dalam bentuk komunikasiketakutan (CA), jelas dalam banyak orang yang tertarik pada karierProfesi tenaga akuntansi. Dalam sistem yang sekarang massa pendidikan akuntansi yangMasalah saat ini dan penuh Arsip teks dari jurnal ini tersedia diwww.emeraldinsight.com/ 1321-7348.htmAsia Review akuntansiVol. 21 No. 2 tahun 2013Ms. 160-175r Emerald Publishing Group Limited1321-7348DOI 10.1108/ARA-03-2013-0017160ARA21,2Pendidikan adalah bagian, individu-individu dengan tingkat tinggi CA tidak mungkin untuk menerimaintervensi yang bisa membantu mereka.Link disarankan antara kemanjuran diri dan keterampilan komunikasi. Jika link tersebut dapatdidirikan menyajikan kemungkinan untuk mengarahkan upaya-upaya yang ditujukan untuk pengembanganketerampilan komunikasi bagi akuntan. Implikasi dari pengalihan ini diuraikandan kemungkinan untuk penelitian diidentifikasikan.Perubahan peran akuntanKemajuan teknologi, ditambah dengan globalisasi, berarti bahwa akuntanmenjadi bertanya semakin untuk bekerja di sebuah kompleks yang terus berubah dan menuntutlingkungan (Parker, 2001; Elliot dan Jacobsen, 2002). Ini telah membawa tentang perubahan dalamAkuntan cara melaksanakan pekerjaan mereka (Holtzman, 2004; Walker, 2004; Palmer et al.,2004). perkembangan software telah bergeser fokus dari persiapan untuk interpretasiinformasi keuangan, dan peningkatan keterlibatan dalam perencanaan strategis (Wilder danSaham, 2004; Olivier, 2001). International Federation of akuntan (IFAC)-keuangandan Komite Akuntansi Manajemen, 2002) juga telah diakui perubahan ini,komentar bahwa peran akuntan bergerak dari "transaksi manajer" ke"communicator dan strategi". Penggunaan teknologi informasi telah mengakibatkan kurangpenekanan pada persiapan account dan meningkatkan fokus pada komunikasiinformasi yang dikandungnya. Harrington (2000) percaya bahwa di masa depan, peran dankontribusi akuntan dalam praktek akan terus tumbuh, tetapi sejauh mana initerjadi akan tergantung pada kemampuan akuntan untuk memenuhi tuntutan baru dengan memperolehketerampilan baru. Akuntan dalam bisnis juga mengenali bahwa perubahan terjadi. Russell et al.(1999) mengamati bahwa banyak akuntan manajemen telah pindah secara fisik dariDepartemen untuk operasi departemen akuntansi. Semakin, mereka bekerja di crossfunctionalTim dan yang sekarang terlibat aktif di lebih keputusan. Ini"relokasi" menuntut bahwa akuntan manajemen menghabiskan lebih banyak waktu dalam berkomunikasidengan orang-orang dalam organisasi mereka dan keterampilan interpersonal yang baik sangat penting untuksukses. Peran akuntan berubah dari tradisional "bean counter" yangberorientasi pasar yang luas, Penasihat Bisnis, dan ahli keuangan.Howieson (2003) mencatat potensi kebingungan seputar peran masa depan untukAkuntan dan menyarankan bahwa keseimbangan akan harus disambar antara menjadi"generalis" dan "pakar".Sementara bekerja di industri tertentu, akuntan akandiwajibkan untuk memiliki pengetahuan spesialis industri dan kemampuan untuk menafsirkaninformasi dalam konteks organisasi strategi. Dia berpendapat bahwa dalam barulingkungan kompetitif akuntan harus memposisikan diri sebagai "guru"manajemen pengetahuan dengan berpikir secara global dalam cara yang memberikan klien mereka dengannilai tambah layanan. Ini akan posisi mereka sebagai penasihat atas elit bisnis. Inipandangan ini konsisten dengan Covaleski et al. (2003) yang juga menekankan pentingnya untukmuncul akuntan manajemen pengetahuan dan kemampuan untuk menggunakan ini untuk mengembangkanholistik pemahaman perubahan ekonomi. Ada kebutuhan yang jelas ditetapkan untukmengubah cara di mana akuntan akan mendekati pekerjaan mereka di masa depan khususnya dalamistilah-istilah baru nilai tambah kegiatan seperti jangka panjang strategis perencanaan, pelanggandan peningkatan profitabilitas dan proses produk. Untuk melakukan ini, pertimbanganperlu diberikan kepada keterampilan yang akan menjadi penting bagi keberhasilan di masa depan.Kesenjangan keterampilan harapanProfil manajer keuangan akan perlu untuk mengubah sehingga dilengkapiuntuk memenuhi tantangan yang ditimbulkan oleh lingkungan baru. Untuk masa depan akuntan untuk161Komunikasiketakutanmemenuhi tantangan ini ada substansial bukti bahwa pengembanganketerampilan komunikasi akan menjadi penting. Untuk mengasumsikan peran baru ini, manajer keuanganmasa depan akan perlu untuk memiliki keterampilan komunikasi yang kuat, kemampuan untuk menafsirkandata keuangan yang kompleks dan pengetahuan yang luas dari pasar ekonomi global danPermasalahan Kebudayaan (IFAC-keuangan dan Komite Akuntansi Manajemen, 2002).Survei US utama Akuntansi Manajemen oleh Siegel dan Sorenson catatan (1999)perubahan peran akuntan manajemen. Survei mereka juga dimintamajikan untuk mengidentifikasi paling penting pengetahuan, ketrampilan dan kemampuandiperlukan untuk sukses. Ini adalah: komunikasi (lisan tertulis dan presentasi)keterampilan, kemampuan untuk bekerja dalam tim, kemampuan analisis, pemahaman yang kuat tentangAkuntansi dan pemahaman tentang bagaimana fungsi bisnis. Untuk menanggapimengubah lingkungan dan bereaksi terhadap majikan persyaratan, kebutuhan khususpengusaha harus diidentifikasi. Temuan ini juga konsisten dengan Palmeret al. (2004) dalam konteks praktek profesional.Asosiasi profesional dan akademis, terutama di Amerika Serikat, telahmelalui laporan yang diterbitkan dan pernyataan dibuat publik pandangan mereka yang diinginkanProfil akuntan profesional (American Institute of Certified PublicAkuntan (AICPA) (Comite´ Beamer), 1969; American Institute of bersertifikat UmumAkuntan (AICPA), Komite isu-isu masa depan, 1987; American Institute ofAkuntan publik bersertifikat (AICPA), 1988, 1992, 1999; Akuntansi AmerikaAsosiasi Komite pada masa depan, konten, dan lingkup pendidikan akuntansi,1986; Arthur Andersen dan Co, 1989; Akuntansi Komisi perubahan pendidikan,1990; International Federation of akuntan (IFAC), Komite pendidikan, 1994,tahun 1996; Albrecht dan karung, 2000). Temuan yang paling konsisten telah muncul daripernyataan ini adalah meningkatnya peran yang diberikan kepada kemampuan non-akuntansidan keterampilan. Albrecht dan karung (2000) menunjukkan perjanjian antara pendidik danpraktisi di mana keterampilan yang paling penting. Tiga keterampilan yang diidentifikasi olehpendidik dan praktisi ditulis komunikasi, analisis/kritiskomunikasi pemikiran dan lisan. Secara geografis, ada konsensus padapenting bagi masa depan profesi akuntansi keterampilan komunikasi: Diamond(2005) di Amerika Serikat; Hassall et al. (2003, 2005a) dan Arquero et al. (2001, 2007) diKonteks Eropa; Kavanagh dan Drennan (2008), De Lange et al. (2006), Jacklingdan De Lange (2009) dari perspektif Australia;Wells et al. (2009), abu-abu (2010),Abu-abu dan Murray (2011) dari perspektif Selandia Baru. Semua studi ini menunjukkanpentingnya dirasakan keterampilan komunikasi dalam hal yang diinginkankemampuan untuk perekrutan akuntan saat ini dan masa depan.
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Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:[Salinan]
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Communication apprehension
and communication self-efficacy
in accounting students
Trevor Hassall
Sheffield Business School, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
Jose L. Arquero
Dpto. de Contabilidad y Ec. Financera, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Espana
John Joyce
Sheffield Business School, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK, and
Jose M. Gonzalez
Dpto. de Contabilidad y Ec. Financera, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Espana
Abstract
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to establish a link between communication apprehension and
communication self-efficacy in accounting students.
Design/methodology/approach – This is achieved by the use of two questionnaires jointly
distributed to the students involved. The Personal Report of Communication Apprehension (PRCA-24)
developed by McCroskey to measure oral communication apprehension[1] (OCA) and the instrument
for written communication apprehension (WCA) developed by Daly and Miller and a questionnaire to
measure communication self-efficacy. This had been developed using the guidelines set out by
Bandura and was designed to measure two constructs: oral communication self-efficacy, and written
communication self-efficacy.
Findings – The two separate statistical tests to identify the connection between the two concepts both
indicated the existence of a strong relationship between the two. This was shown not only in the
overall relationship between communication apprehension and self-efficacy but also equally strongly
in their constituent components.
Practical implications – The existence of this relationship is important because it provides a
possible development in terms of understanding the barrier to the development of communication
skills and also indicates a possible redirection to alleviate and remove the barrier. In order for
accountants to meet future challenges, there is substantial evidence that the development of
communication skills will be vital.
Originality/value – This paper draws the conclusion that in the future consideration needs to be
given to incorporating into the pedagogy of accounting education, especially in those areas involving
the development of communication skills, approaches that increase self-efficacy.
Keywords Communication skills, Communication apprehension, Communication self-efficacy,
Accounting, Communication
Paper type Research paper
Introduction
There is a chronicled history of the concerns expressed by employers and professional
bodies that the current accounting education process is failing to produce accountants
who possess the requisite communication skills. Despite the early and clear recognition
of the need for change, and efforts being made to remedy the situation, the concerns are
still prevalent. Research has indicated that a barrier, in the form of communication
apprehension (CA), is apparent in many individuals who are attracted to careers in the
accounting profession. In the current system of mass education of which accounting
The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at
www.emeraldinsight.com/1321-7348.htm
Asian Review of Accounting
Vol. 21 No. 2, 2013
pp. 160-175
r Emerald Group Publishing Limited
1321-7348
DOI 10.1108/ARA-03-2013-0017
160
ARA
21,2
education is a part, individuals with high levels of CA are unlikely to receive the
interventions that could help them.
A link is suggested between self-efficacy and communication skills. If such a link can
be established it presents possibilities to redirect the efforts aimed at the development of
communication skills for accountants. The implications of this redirection are outlined
and possibilities for future research are identified.
The changing role of accountants
Recent technological advances, coupled with globalization, mean that accountants are
being asked increasingly to work in a constantly changing complex and demanding
environment (Parker, 2001; Elliot and Jacobsen, 2002). This has brought about changes in
the way accountants carry out their work (Holtzman, 2004; Walker, 2004; Palmer et al.,
2004). Software developments have shifted the focus from preparation to interpretation of
financial information, and an increased involvement in strategic planning (Wilder and
Stocks, 2004; Olivier, 2001). International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) – Financial
and Management Accounting Committee, 2002) has also recognized this change,
commenting that the role of accountants is moving from “transaction manager” to
“communicator and strategist”. The use of information technology has resulted in less
emphasis on the preparation of accounts and increasing focus on the communication of
the information they contain. Harrington (2000) believes that in the future, the role and
contribution of accountants in practice will continue to grow, but the extent to which this
occurs will be dependent on the accountant’s ability to meet new demands by acquiring
new skills. Accountants in business also recognize that change is occurring. Russell et al.
(1999) observe that many management accountants have moved physically from the
accounting department to operating departments. Increasingly, they are working in crossfunctional
teams and are now involved more actively in decision making. This
“relocation” demands that management accountants spend more time communicating
with people in their organization and that good interpersonal skills are essential for
success. The role of the accountant is changing from the traditional “bean counter” to that
of a broad market orientated, business advisor and financial expert.
Howieson (2003) notes the potential confusion surrounding the future roles for
accountants and suggests that a balance will have to be struck between being
“generalists” and “specialists”.Whilst working in a specific industry, accountants will be
required to have specialist knowledge of that industry and the ability to interpret
information in the context of an organizational strategy. He contends that in the new
competitive environment accountants must position themselves as the “gurus” of
knowledge management by thinking globally in a way that provides their clients with
value added services. This will position them as the elite top advisors to businesses. This
view is consistent with Covaleski et al. (2003) who also stress the importance to the
emerging accountant of knowledge management and the ability to use this to develop a
holistic understanding of economic changes. There is a clearly established need to
change the way inwhich accountants will approach their work in the future especially in
terms of newer value added activities such as long-term strategic planning, customer
and product profitability and process improvement. In order to do this, consideration
needs to be given to the skills that will be essential for future success.
The skills expectations gap
The profiles of financial managers will need to change so that they are equipped
to meet the challenges posed by the new environment. For future accountants to
161
Communication
apprehension
meet these challenges there is substantial evidence that the development of
communication skills will be vital. To assume these new roles, finance managers of
the future will need to possess strong communication skills, the ability to interpret
complex financial data and a broad knowledge of global economic markets and
cultural issues (IFAC – Financial and Management Accounting Committee, 2002).
A major US survey of management accounting by Siegel and Sorenson (1999) notes
the changing role of management accountants. Their survey also asked
employers to identify the most important knowledge, skills and abilities
necessary for success. These were: communication (oral written and presentation)
skills, ability to work in a team, analytical skills, a solid understanding of
accounting and an understanding of how a business functions. To respond to the
changing environment and to react to employers’ requirements, the specific needs
of employers must be identified. These findings are consistent with those of Palmer
et al. (2004) in a professional practice context.
Professional and academic associations, predominantly in the USA, have
through published reports and statements made public their views of the desired
profile of a professional accountant (American Institute of Certified Public
Accountants (AICPA) (Comite´ Beamer), 1969; American Institute of Certified Public
Accountants (AICPA), Future Issues Committee, 1987; American Institute of
Certified Public Accountants (AICPA), 1988, 1992, 1999; American Accounting
Association Committee on the Future, Content, and Scope of Accounting Education,
1986; Arthur Andersen and Co, 1989; Accounting Education Change Commission,
1990; International Federation of Accountants (IFAC), Education Committee, 1994,
1996; Albrecht and Sack, 2000). The most consistent finding to have arisen from
these statements is the increasing importance given to non-accounting capabilities
and skills. Albrecht and Sack (2000) indicated agreement between educators and
practitioners on which skills are the most important. The three skills identified by
both educators and practitioners were written communications, analytical/critical
thinking and oral communications. Geographically, there is a consensus on the
importance to the future accounting profession of communication skills: Diamond
(2005) in the USA; Hassall et al. (2003, 2005a) and Arquero et al. (2001, 2007) in a
European context; Kavanagh and Drennan (2008), De Lange et al. (2006), Jackling
and De Lange (2009) from an Australian perspective;Wells et al. (2009), Gray (2010),
Gray and Murray (2011) from a New Zealand perspective. All these studies indicate
the perceived importance of communication skills in terms of the desired
capabilities for the recruitment of current and future accountants.
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