Communication apprehension
and communication self-efficacy
in accounting students
Trevor Hassall
Sheffield Business School, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
Jose L. Arquero
Dpto. de Contabilidad y Ec. Financera, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Espana
John Joyce
Sheffield Business School, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK, and
Jose M. Gonzalez
Dpto. de Contabilidad y Ec. Financera, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Espana
Abstract
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to establish a link between communication apprehension and
communication self-efficacy in accounting students.
Design/methodology/approach – This is achieved by the use of two questionnaires jointly
distributed to the students involved. The Personal Report of Communication Apprehension (PRCA-24)
developed by McCroskey to measure oral communication apprehension[1] (OCA) and the instrument
for written communication apprehension (WCA) developed by Daly and Miller and a questionnaire to
measure communication self-efficacy. This had been developed using the guidelines set out by
Bandura and was designed to measure two constructs: oral communication self-efficacy, and written
communication self-efficacy.
Findings – The two separate statistical tests to identify the connection between the two concepts both
indicated the existence of a strong relationship between the two. This was shown not only in the
overall relationship between communication apprehension and self-efficacy but also equally strongly
in their constituent components.
Practical implications – The existence of this relationship is important because it provides a
possible development in terms of understanding the barrier to the development of communication
skills and also indicates a possible redirection to alleviate and remove the barrier. In order for
accountants to meet future challenges, there is substantial evidence that the development of
communication skills will be vital.
Originality/value – This paper draws the conclusion that in the future consideration needs to be
given to incorporating into the pedagogy of accounting education, especially in those areas involving
the development of communication skills, approaches that increase self-efficacy.
Keywords Communication skills, Communication apprehension, Communication self-efficacy,
Accounting, Communication
Paper type Research paper
Introduction
There is a chronicled history of the concerns expressed by employers and professional
bodies that the current accounting education process is failing to produce accountants
who possess the requisite communication skills. Despite the early and clear recognition
of the need for change, and efforts being made to remedy the situation, the concerns are
still prevalent. Research has indicated that a barrier, in the form of communication
apprehension (CA), is apparent in many individuals who are attracted to careers in the
accounting profession. In the current system of mass education of which accounting
The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at
www.emeraldinsight.com/1321-7348.htm
Asian Review of Accounting
Vol. 21 No. 2, 2013
pp. 160-175
r Emerald Group Publishing Limited
1321-7348
DOI 10.1108/ARA-03-2013-0017
160
ARA
21,2
education is a part, individuals with high levels of CA are unlikely to receive the
interventions that could help them.
A link is suggested between self-efficacy and communication skills. If such a link can
be established it presents possibilities to redirect the efforts aimed at the development of
communication skills for accountants. The implications of this redirection are outlined
and possibilities for future research are identified.
The changing role of accountants
Recent technological advances, coupled with globalization, mean that accountants are
being asked increasingly to work in a constantly changing complex and demanding
environment (Parker, 2001; Elliot and Jacobsen, 2002). This has brought about changes in
the way accountants carry out their work (Holtzman, 2004; Walker, 2004; Palmer et al.,
2004). Software developments have shifted the focus from preparation to interpretation of
financial information, and an increased involvement in strategic planning (Wilder and
Stocks, 2004; Olivier, 2001). International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) – Financial
and Management Accounting Committee, 2002) has also recognized this change,
commenting that the role of accountants is moving from “transaction manager” to
“communicator and strategist”. The use of information technology has resulted in less
emphasis on the preparation of accounts and increasing focus on the communication of
the information they contain. Harrington (2000) believes that in the future, the role and
contribution of accountants in practice will continue to grow, but the extent to which this
occurs will be dependent on the accountant’s ability to meet new demands by acquiring
new skills. Accountants in business also recognize that change is occurring. Russell et al.
(1999) observe that many management accountants have moved physically from the
accounting department to operating departments. Increasingly, they are working in crossfunctional
teams and are now involved more actively in decision making. This
“relocation” demands that management accountants spend more time communicating
with people in their organization and that good interpersonal skills are essential for
success. The role of the accountant is changing from the traditional “bean counter” to that
of a broad market orientated, business advisor and financial expert.
Howieson (2003) notes the potential confusion surrounding the future roles for
accountants and suggests that a balance will have to be struck between being
“generalists” and “specialists”.Whilst working in a specific industry, accountants will be
required to have specialist knowledge of that industry and the ability to interpret
information in the context of an organizational strategy. He contends that in the new
competitive environment accountants must position themselves as the “gurus” of
knowledge management by thinking globally in a way that provides their clients with
value added services. This will position them as the elite top advisors to businesses. This
view is consistent with Covaleski et al. (2003) who also stress the importance to the
emerging accountant of knowledge management and the ability to use this to develop a
holistic understanding of economic changes. There is a clearly established need to
change the way inwhich accountants will approach their work in the future especially in
terms of newer value added activities such as long-term strategic planning, customer
and product profitability and process improvement. In order to do this, consideration
needs to be given to the skills that will be essential for future success.
The skills expectations gap
The profiles of financial managers will need to change so that they are equipped
to meet the challenges posed by the new environment. For future accountants to
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apprehension
meet these challenges there is substantial evidence that the development of
communication skills will be vital. To assume these new roles, finance managers of
the future will need to possess strong communication skills, the ability to interpret
complex financial data and a broad knowledge of global economic markets and
cultural issues (IFAC – Financial and Management Accounting Committee, 2002).
A major US survey of management accounting by Siegel and Sorenson (1999) notes
the changing role of management accountants. Their survey also asked
employers to identify the most important knowledge, skills and abilities
necessary for success. These were: communication (oral written and presentation)
skills, ability to work in a team, analytical skills, a solid understanding of
accounting and an understanding of how a business functions. To respond to the
changing environment and to react to employers’ requirements, the specific needs
of employers must be identified. These findings are consistent with those of Palmer
et al. (2004) in a professional practice context.
Professional and academic associations, predominantly in the USA, have
through published reports and statements made public their views of the desired
profile of a professional accountant (American Institute of Certified Public
Accountants (AICPA) (Comite´ Beamer), 1969; American Institute of Certified Public
Accountants (AICPA), Future Issues Committee, 1987; American Institute of
Certified Public Accountants (AICPA), 1988, 1992, 1999; American Accounting
Association Committee on the Future, Content, and Scope of Accounting Education,
1986; Arthur Andersen and Co, 1989; Accounting Education Change Commission,
1990; International Federation of Accountants (IFAC), Education Committee, 1994,
1996; Albrecht and Sack, 2000). The most consistent finding to have arisen from
these statements is the increasing importance given to non-accounting capabilities
and skills. Albrecht and Sack (2000) indicated agreement between educators and
practitioners on which skills are the most important. The three skills identified by
both educators and practitioners were written communications, analytical/critical
thinking and oral communications. Geographically, there is a consensus on the
importance to the future accounting profession of communication skills: Diamond
(2005) in the USA; Hassall et al. (2003, 2005a) and Arquero et al. (2001, 2007) in a
European context; Kavanagh and Drennan (2008), De Lange et al. (2006), Jackling
and De Lange (2009) from an Australian perspective;Wells et al. (2009), Gray (2010),
Gray and Murray (2011) from a New Zealand perspective. All these studies indicate
the perceived importance of communication skills in terms of the desired
capabilities for the recruitment of current and future accountants.
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