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Pengenalan teknologi informasiBab 2:Perangkat lunak komputer:Sistem dan aplikasi perangkat lunakBab Tinjauan• Dalam bab ini, kita akan mempelajari:-Systems Software-Aplikasi perangkat lunak-Bagaimana aplikasi perangkat lunak yang dikembangkan-Garis besar evolusi dan pentingnya keseluruhanbahasa pemrograman dan jelas membedakan antaragenerasi bahasa pemrograman.-Mengidentifikasi beberapa isu kunci perangkat lunak dan tren yangberdampak pada organisasi dan individuPentingnya perangkat lunakBisnis...IKHTISAR DARI PERANGKAT LUNAK• Program komputer: urutanpetunjuk untuk komputer• Dokumentasi menjelaskan programfungsi untuk membantu pengguna beroperasisistem komputerKrisis perangkat lunak• Aplikasi perangkat lunak barutidak dapat dikembangkan cepatcukup untuk:-Menjaga dengan bisnis yang dinamislingkungan-Mengikuti dengan cepat hardwarekemajuanKrisis perangkat lunak (lanjutan)• Selain pengembangan aplikasi baru,perangkat lunak yang ada juga dapat dipertahankan(80% upaya personil TI untuk pemeliharaan).• Meningkatnya kompleksitas mengarah ke peningkatanpotensi untuk "bug."• Pengujian dan "debugging" perangkat lunak adalahmahal dan memakan waktu.Dasar-dasar perangkat lunak• Beberapa istilah dasar...-Komputer program - urutan petunjuk untukkomputer– Konsep program disimpan-instruksi yang ditulis dalamProgram disimpan dan dijalankan oleh CPU ketika diperlukan-Pemrograman - proses penulisan (atau coding) program– Programmers - individuals who perform programmingSoftware Fundamentals (continued)• Systems Software– Instructions thatmanage thehardware resources• Application Software– Instructions thatperform specific usertasksContd...System Software• System software is software that:– Controls and supports the computer system’sactivities– Supports application software by directing thecomputer’s basic functions– Facilitates program development, testing, anddebugging– Is independent of any specific type of applicationSystems Software (continued)• System ControlPrograms– Control use of all systemresources (hardware,software, data); operatingsystem• System SupportPrograms– Specialized supportcapabilitiesOperating Systems• An operating system (OS) is a set of programsthat controls the computer hardware and acts asan interface with applicationsOperating Systems (Contd...)• The various combinations of OSs, computers,and users include the following:– Single computer with a single user. Thissystem is commonly used in a personal computeror a handheld computer that allows one user at atime– Single computer with multiple users. Thissystem is typical of larger, mainframe computersthat can accommodate hundreds or thousands ofpeople, all using the computer at the same timeContd...• The various combinations of OSs, computers,and users include the following:– Multiple computers. This system is typical of anetwork of computers, such as a home networkwith several computers attached or a largecomputer network with hundreds of computersattached around the world– Special-purpose computers. This system istypical of a number of computers with specializedfunctions, such as those that control sophisticatedmilitary aircraft, and some home appliancesBasic Function of OS• Performing common computer hardwarefunctions• Providing a user interface and input/outputmanagement• Providing a degree of hardware independence• Managing system memory• Managing processing tasks• Providing networking capability• Controlling access to system resources• Managing filesCommon Computer Hardware Functions• Get input from the keyboard or anotherinput device• Retrieve data from disks• Store data on disks• Display information on a monitor or printerUser Interface and Input/Output Management• Most of important functions of OS• Allows to access and command computerHardware Independence• To run, applicationsrequest services from theOS through a definedapplication programinterface (API)• Programmers can useAPIs to create applicationsoftware without having tounderstand the innerworkings of the OSMemory Management• Controls how memory is accessed andmaximizes available memory and storage• To execute program instructionseffectively and to speed processing• One way to increase the performance ofkomputer lama adalah untuk meng-upgrade ke yang lebih baruOS dan peningkatan jumlah memoriKemampuan jaringan• Komputer dapat bergabung dalam jaringanuntuk mengirim dan menerima data dan berbagisumber daya komputasi.• Berbagi koneksi Internet, printer,Penyimpanan, dan data
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