Estimating the future earnings per share for the stock market series2. terjemahan - Estimating the future earnings per share for the stock market series2. Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

Estimating the future earnings per

Estimating the future earnings per share for the stock market series
2. Estimating the appropriate earnings multiplier for the stock market series based on long-run
estimates of k and g.7
Some analysts have concentrated on estimating the earnings for a market series with little
consideration of changes in the earnings multiplier for the series. An investor who considers
only the earnings for the series and ignores the earnings multiplier (i.e., the P/E ratio) assumes
that the earnings multiplier will be relatively constant over time. If this were correct, stock
prices would generally move in line with earnings. The fallacy of this assumption is obvious
when one examines data for the two components during the period from 1993 to 2009, as
shown in Exhibit 12.11.
The year-end stock price is the closing value for the S&P Industrials Index on the last trading
day of the year. The next column is the percentage change in price for the year. The earnings
figure is the earnings per share during the year for the S&P Industrials Index, and the
next column shows the percentage change from the prior year. The fifth column is the historical
earnings multiplier at the end of the year, which is equal to the year-end value for the S&P
Industrials Index divided by the historical earnings for that year. As an example, at the end of
1993, the S&P Industrials Index was equal to 540.19, and the earnings per share for the firms
that made up the series were 31.02 for the 12 months ending 12/31/93. This implies an earnings
multiplier of 17.42 (540.19/31.02). Although this may not be the ideal measure of the
multiplier, it is consistent in its measurement and shows the changes in the relationship between
stock prices and earnings over time. An alternative measure is the forward multiplier
using next year’s earnings (i.e., stock price as of 12/31/93 vs. earnings for the 12 months ending
12/31/94). This forward P/E series likewise experiences substantial annual changes and is
the multiple we will be estimating. Typically, it is a smaller value and less volatile than the historical
multiple because it considers future earnings that are generally higher.
There have been numerous striking examples where annual stock price movements for the
S&P Industrials Index were opposite to earnings changes during the same year as follows:
• 1998 profits decreased by almost 17 percent; stock prices increased almost 32 percent.
• 2000 profits increased almost 16 percent; stock prices declined over 17 percent.
• 2002 profits increased over 51 percent; stock prices declined over 24 percent.
• 2003 profits decreased over 12 percent; stock prices increased over 26 percent.
• 2007 profits decreased 9.45 percent; stock prices increased almost 11 percent.
During each of these years, the major influences on stock price movements came from changes
in the forward earnings multiplier. The greater volatility of the multiplier series compared to
the earnings per share series can be seen from the summary figures at the bottom of Exhibit
12.11 and from the graph of the forward earnings multiplier in Exhibit 12.12. The standard
deviation of annual changes for the forward earnings multiplier series is much larger than the
standard deviation of EPS changes (42.55 vs. 35.03). The same is true for the relative volatility
measures of the coefficient of variability. Also, the standard deviation of the forward multiplier
series without signs is larger than for the EPS series (31.77 vs. 26.32). Therefore, these figures
show that given the two estimates required for market valuation, the forward earnings multiplier
is the more volatile component.
The point of this discussion is not to reduce the importance of the earnings estimate but
to note that the estimation of the intrinsic market value requires two separate estimates and
both are important and necessary. Therefore, we initially consider a procedure for estimating aggregate
earnings followed by the procedure for estimating the forward market earnings multiplier.
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Estimating the future earnings per share for the stock market series2. Estimating the appropriate earnings multiplier for the stock market series based on long-runestimates of k and g.7Some analysts have concentrated on estimating the earnings for a market series with littleconsideration of changes in the earnings multiplier for the series. An investor who considersonly the earnings for the series and ignores the earnings multiplier (i.e., the P/E ratio) assumesthat the earnings multiplier will be relatively constant over time. If this were correct, stockprices would generally move in line with earnings. The fallacy of this assumption is obviouswhen one examines data for the two components during the period from 1993 to 2009, asshown in Exhibit 12.11.The year-end stock price is the closing value for the S&P Industrials Index on the last tradingday of the year. The next column is the percentage change in price for the year. The earningsfigure is the earnings per share during the year for the S&P Industrials Index, and thenext column shows the percentage change from the prior year. The fifth column is the historicalearnings multiplier at the end of the year, which is equal to the year-end value for the S&PIndustrials Index divided by the historical earnings for that year. As an example, at the end of1993, the S&P Industrials Index was equal to 540.19, and the earnings per share for the firmsthat made up the series were 31.02 for the 12 months ending 12/31/93. This implies an earningsmultiplier of 17.42 (540.19/31.02). Although this may not be the ideal measure of themultiplier, it is consistent in its measurement and shows the changes in the relationship betweenstock prices and earnings over time. An alternative measure is the forward multiplierusing next year’s earnings (i.e., stock price as of 12/31/93 vs. earnings for the 12 months ending12/31/94). This forward P/E series likewise experiences substantial annual changes and isthe multiple we will be estimating. Typically, it is a smaller value and less volatile than the historicalmultiple because it considers future earnings that are generally higher.There have been numerous striking examples where annual stock price movements for theS&P Industrials Index were opposite to earnings changes during the same year as follows:• 1998 profits decreased by almost 17 percent; stock prices increased almost 32 percent.• 2000 profits increased almost 16 percent; stock prices declined over 17 percent.• 2002 profits increased over 51 percent; stock prices declined over 24 percent.• 2003 profits decreased over 12 percent; stock prices increased over 26 percent.• 2007 profits decreased 9.45 percent; stock prices increased almost 11 percent.During each of these years, the major influences on stock price movements came from changesin the forward earnings multiplier. The greater volatility of the multiplier series compared tothe earnings per share series can be seen from the summary figures at the bottom of Exhibit12.11 and from the graph of the forward earnings multiplier in Exhibit 12.12. The standarddeviation of annual changes for the forward earnings multiplier series is much larger than thestandard deviation of EPS changes (42.55 vs. 35.03). The same is true for the relative volatilitymeasures of the coefficient of variability. Also, the standard deviation of the forward multiplierseries without signs is larger than for the EPS series (31.77 vs. 26.32). Therefore, these figuresshow that given the two estimates required for market valuation, the forward earnings multiplieris the more volatile component.The point of this discussion is not to reduce the importance of the earnings estimate butto note that the estimation of the intrinsic market value requires two separate estimates andboth are important and necessary. Therefore, we initially consider a procedure for estimating aggregateearnings followed by the procedure for estimating the forward market earnings multiplier.
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Memperkirakan laba masa depan per saham untuk seri pasar saham
2. Memperkirakan multiplier pendapatan yang sesuai untuk seri pasar saham berdasarkan jangka panjang
perkiraan k dan G.7
Beberapa analis telah berkonsentrasi pada memperkirakan laba untuk serangkaian pasar dengan sedikit
pertimbangan perubahan multiplier pendapatan untuk seri. Seorang investor yang menganggap
hanya penghasilan untuk seri dan mengabaikan multiplier laba (yaitu, P / E ratio) mengasumsikan
bahwa multiplier pendapatan akan relatif konstan dari waktu ke waktu. Jika ini benar, saham
harga umumnya akan bergerak sejalan dengan pendapatan. Kesalahan dari asumsi ini jelas
ketika seseorang meneliti data untuk dua komponen selama periode 1993-2009, sebagai
ditunjukkan dalam pameran 12.11.
Akhir tahun harga saham adalah nilai penutupan untuk Industrials Indeks S & P pada perdagangan terakhir
hari tahun. Kolom berikutnya adalah persentase perubahan harga untuk tahun ini. Pendapatan
Angka adalah laba per saham selama tahun untuk Industrials Indeks S & P, dan
kolom berikutnya menunjukkan persentase perubahan dari tahun sebelumnya. Kolom kelima adalah sejarah
multiplier pendapatan pada akhir tahun, yang sama dengan nilai akhir tahun untuk S & P
Industrials Indeks dibagi dengan laba historis untuk tahun itu. Sebagai contoh, pada akhir
1993, Industrials Indeks S & P adalah sama dengan 540,19, dan laba per saham untuk perusahaan-perusahaan
yang membentuk seri yang 31,02 untuk 12 bulan yang berakhir 12/31/93. Ini menyiratkan suatu laba
multiplier dari 17,42 (540,19 / 31,02). Meskipun ini mungkin tidak menjadi ukuran ideal dari
multiplier, itu konsisten dalam pengukuran dan menunjukkan perubahan dalam hubungan antara
harga saham dan laba dari waktu ke waktu. Langkah alternatif adalah multiplier maju
menggunakan laba tahun depan (yaitu, harga saham pada 12/31/93 laba vs selama 12 bulan yang berakhir
12/31/94). P / E series maju ini juga mengalami perubahan tahunan substansial dan
ganda kita akan memperkirakan. Biasanya, itu adalah nilai yang lebih kecil dan kurang stabil daripada sejarah
beberapa karena menganggap laba masa depan yang umumnya lebih tinggi.
Ada banyak contoh mencolok di mana pergerakan harga saham tahunan untuk
Industrials Indeks S & P yang berlawanan dengan perubahan laba selama tahun yang sama berikut:
• 1998 keuntungan berkurang hampir 17 persen; harga saham meningkat hampir 32 persen.
• 2000 laba meningkat hampir 16 persen; harga saham turun lebih dari 17 persen.
• 2002 laba meningkat lebih dari 51 persen; harga saham menurun selama 24 persen.
• 2003 laba menurun lebih dari 12 persen; harga saham meningkat lebih dari 26 persen.
• 2007 laba menurun 9,45 persen; harga saham meningkat hampir 11 persen.
Pada setiap tahun ini, pengaruh besar pada pergerakan harga saham berasal dari perubahan
dalam laba multiplier ke depan. Volatilitas yang lebih besar dari seri multiplier dibandingkan dengan
laba per saham seri dapat dilihat dari angka-angka ringkasan di bagian bawah pameran
12.11 dan dari grafik multiplier maju laba pada pameran 12.12. Standar
deviasi perubahan tahunan untuk seri multiplier laba ke depan jauh lebih besar daripada
deviasi standar EPS perubahan (42,55 vs 35,03). Hal yang sama berlaku untuk volatilitas relatif
ukuran koefisien variabilitas. Juga, standar deviasi dari multiplier maju
seri tanpa tanda-tanda lebih besar daripada seri EPS (31,77 vs 26,32). Oleh karena itu, angka-angka ini
menunjukkan bahwa mengingat dua perkiraan diperlukan untuk penilaian pasar, pendapatan multiplier ke depan
adalah komponen yang lebih mudah menguap.
Titik diskusi ini bukan untuk mengurangi pentingnya estimasi laba tetapi
untuk dicatat bahwa estimasi pasar intrinsik nilai membutuhkan dua perkiraan terpisah dan
keduanya penting dan perlu. Oleh karena itu, kami awalnya mempertimbangkan prosedur untuk memperkirakan agregat
pendapatan diikuti dengan prosedur untuk memperkirakan ke depan pendapatan pasar multiplier.
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