The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 provides a
background to the study and discusses the related literature. Section 3 develops the
hypotheses, followed by a description of the research design in Section 4. Section 5
analyzes and discusses the empirical results and Section 6 concludes the paper.
Background and literature review
There is a stream of research in the literature that examines the relation between audit
committee characteristics and audit committee effectiveness. Klein (2002) finds that high
audit committee independence (i.e. the proportion of independent directors on the audit
committee) leads to less accrual earnings management, suggesting that independent
audit committee members constrain earnings management. Bedard et al. (2004),
Krishnan and Visvanathan (2008) and Dhaliwal et al. (2010) find that audit committee
members’ accounting financial expertise can enhance financial reporting quality.
Beasley (1996) and Dhaliwal et al. (2010) document evidence on the positive association
between audit committee members’ board tenure and financial reporting quality.
Bedard et al. (2004) find that accrual earnings management is lower when audit
committee members’ board seats of other firms are high. Klein (2002) finds that outside
directors with block shareholdings are more effective in constraining accrual earnings
management. Vafeas (2005) contends that audit committee size may positively affect
audit committee effectiveness. While extant studies suggest that some audit committee
characteristics are related to constraining accrual earnings management and enhancing
financial reporting quality, it is unclear whether those characteristics can affect real
earnings management that is viewed as harder to be detected and constrained[1].
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