Implicit in the excessiveness of tr

Implicit in the excessiveness of tragic suffering is the idea that the universe is
mysterious and often unfair and that unseen but power-full force-fate, fortune,
circumstances, and the gods-directly intervene in human life. As a result, a good deed
may produce suffering, and an evil deed may produce reward. These examples
illustrate the commonness of situational and cosmic irony in tragedy. Characters are
pushed into situations that are caused by others or that they themselves unwittingly
cause. When they try to act responsibly and nobly to relieve their situations, their
actions do not produce the expected result.
For example, Oedipus brings suffering on himself just when he succeeds-and
because he succeeds-in rescuing his city. Whether on the personal or cosmic level,
therefore, there is no escape: no way to evade responsibility, and no way to change
the universal laws that push human beings into such situations. Situational and cosmic
irony is not only found in ancient tragedies. In Death of Salesman, Miller’s hero,
Willy Loman, is gripped not so much by godly power as by time-the agent of
destruction being the unavoidable force of economic circumstances.
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These ironies are related to what is called the tragic dilemma – a situation that
forces the tragic protagonist to make a difficult choice. The tragic dilemma has also
been called a “lose-lose” situation. Thus, Oedipus cannot avoid his duty as king of
Thebes because that would be ruinous. In other words, the choices posed in a tragic
dilemma seemingly permit freedom of will, but the consequences of any choice
demonstrate the inescapable fact that powerful forces, perhaps even fate or
inevitability, baffle even the most reasonable and noble intentions.

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1:

Implicit in the excessiveness of tragic suffering is the idea that the universe ismysterious and often unfair and that unseen but power-full force-fate, fortune,circumstances, and the gods-directly intervene in human life. As a result, a good deedmay produce suffering, and an evil deed may produce reward. These examplesillustrate the commonness of situational and cosmic irony in tragedy. Characters arepushed into situations that are caused by others or that they themselves unwittinglycause. When they try to act responsibly and nobly to relieve their situations, theiractions do not produce the expected result.For example, Oedipus brings suffering on himself just when he succeeds-andbecause he succeeds-in rescuing his city. Whether on the personal or cosmic level,therefore, there is no escape: no way to evade responsibility, and no way to changethe universal laws that push human beings into such situations. Situational and cosmicirony is not only found in ancient tragedies. In Death of Salesman, Miller’s hero,Willy Loman, is gripped not so much by godly power as by time-the agent ofdestruction being the unavoidable force of economic circumstances.32These ironies are related to what is called the tragic dilemma – a situation thatforces the tragic protagonist to make a difficult choice. The tragic dilemma has alsobeen called a “lose-lose” situation. Thus, Oedipus cannot avoid his duty as king ofThebes karena itu akan menghancurkan. Dengan kata lain, pilihan yang diajukan dalam tragisdilema tampaknya mengizinkan kebebasan akan, tetapi konsekuensi dari pilihan apapunmenunjukkan fakta tak terelakkan bahwa kekuatan, mungkin bahkan nasib ataukeniscayaan, penyekat bahkan yang paling masuk akal dan mulia niat.