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10Acoustic Characteristicsof Speech

10
Acoustic Characteristics
of Speech Sounds
Acoustic Characteristics of Speech Sounds
183
I1J
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This chapter discusses the primary acoustic characteristics of a variety of speecb
sounds and illustrates them by means of spectrograms and spectra. We start wi~
vowels and subsequently discuss consonants.
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1 2 3 Frequency (kHz)
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10.1 Vowels
Figure 10.1 (a, c) Spectrograms and (b, d) LPC spectra of the English vowels
[i] and [a] produced by a male speaker.
and a third formant frequency around 3,200 Hz. In contrast, the vowel [a] has
a first formant frequency around 810 Hz, a second formant frequency around
1,250 Hz, and a third formant frequency around 2,400 Hz. This difference
reflects the different vocal tract shapes involved in the production of the two
vowels. Figure 10.2 shows the stylized frequencies of the first three formants for
all monophthongal vowels of American English, averaged over a group of 50 male
speakers (Hillenbrand et al. 1995).
The vowels along the horizontal axis are organized from front to back. In
addition, the front vowels are ranked in descending order of height, from high
[i] to low [re], and the back vowels in ascending order of height, from low [a]
to high [u]. When the vowels are arranged this way, it is apparent that the two
Vowels are produced with a relatively open vocal tract and the airstream is not
severely impeded. The resulting acoustic signal is therefore relatively loud. In addi~
tion, vowels are usually produced with vocal fold vibration. The primary acousti!f
characteristic of vowels is the location of the formant frequencies, specifically,~
the first three formants (FI-B). As discussed in Section 9.5.1, the shape of the,
vocal tract determines the location of the formant frequencies. Changes in the
position of the articulators will modify the shape of the vocal tract and, as a result,
the location of the formant frequencies. Since the same formant frequencies can
be generated with a variety of articulatory positions, formant frequency location
is a critical determinant of vowel quality rather than the positions of the articu-
lators. For a given speaker or for a group of speakers with the same vocal tract
length, each vowel is associated with a distinct acoustic formant frequency pattern. "'
As an example, Figure 10.1 shows spectrograms and linear predictive coding (LPC)
spectra of the vowels [i] and [a] spoken by a male English speaker.
As on any spectrogram, frequency is plotted along the vertical axis, and time
along the horizontal axis. Intensity is represented by the darkness of the display.
The darker a particular area, the greater its intensity. The spectrograms of the
two vowels have several things in common. They are both characterized by the
presence of a number of dark bands along the frequency scale. These dark bands
correspond to the formant frequencies that reflect the resonances of the vocal tract
and appear as "peaks" in the LPC spectrum.
The crucial difference between the two vowels is of course the exact location
of the formant frequencies. As indicated in Figure 10.1, the vowel [i] has a first
formant frequency around 240 Hz, a second formant frequency around 2,450 Hz
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10Acoustic Characteristicsof Speech SoundsAcoustic Characteristics of Speech Sounds183I1Ji',1This chapter discusses the primary acoustic characteristics of a variety of speecbsounds and illustrates them by means of spectrograms and spectra. We start wi~vowels and subsequently discuss consonants."+-F2I-Fl100 200Time (ms)Ii];~i" ",1 2 3 Frequency (kHz)F3~~~F2~F3,E'"Eo~.1 2 3 Frequency (kHz)[0]10.1 VowelsFigure 10.1 (a, c) Spectrograms and (b, d) LPC spectra of the English vowels[i] and [a] produced by a male speaker.and a third formant frequency around 3,200 Hz. In contrast, the vowel [a] hasa first formant frequency around 810 Hz, a second formant frequency around1,250 Hz, and a third formant frequency around 2,400 Hz. This differencereflects the different vocal tract shapes involved in the production of the twovowels. Figure 10.2 shows the stylized frequencies of the first three formants forall monophthongal vowels of American English, averaged over a group of 50 malespeakers (Hillenbrand et al. 1995).The vowels along the horizontal axis are organized from front to back. Inaddition, the front vowels are ranked in descending order of height, from high[i] to low [re], and the back vowels in ascending order of height, from low [a]to high [u]. When the vowels are arranged this way, it is apparent that the twoVowels are produced with a relatively open vocal tract and the airstream is notseverely impeded. The resulting acoustic signal is therefore relatively loud. In addi~tion, vowels are usually produced with vocal fold vibration. The primary acousti!fcharacteristic of vowels is the location of the formant frequencies, specifically,~the first three formants (FI-B). As discussed in Section 9.5.1, the shape of the,vocal tract determines the location of the formant frequencies. Changes in theposition of the articulators will modify the shape of the vocal tract and, as a result,the location of the formant frequencies. Since the same formant frequencies canbe generated with a variety of articulatory positions, formant frequency locationis a critical determinant of vowel quality rather than the positions of the articu-lators. For a given speaker or for a group of speakers with the same vocal tractlength, each vowel is associated with a distinct acoustic formant frequency pattern. "'As an example, Figure 10.1 shows spectrograms and linear predictive coding (LPC)spectra of the vowels [i] and [a] spoken by a male English speaker.As on any spectrogram, frequency is plotted along the vertical axis, and timealong the horizontal axis. Intensity is represented by the darkness of the display.The darker a particular area, the greater its intensity. The spectrograms of thetwo vowels have several things in common. They are both characterized by thepresence of a number of dark bands along the frequency scale. These dark bandscorrespond to the formant frequencies that reflect the resonances of the vocal tractand appear as "peaks" in the LPC spectrum.The crucial difference between the two vowels is of course the exact locationof the formant frequencies. As indicated in Figure 10.1, the vowel [i] has a firstformant frequency around 240 Hz, a second formant frequency around 2,450 Hz
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10
Karakteristik akustik
dari Speech Suara
Karakteristik akustik dari Speech Kedengarannya
183
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Bab ini membahas karakteristik akustik utama berbagai speecb
suara dan menggambarkan mereka dengan cara spektogram dan spektrum. Kami mulai wi ~
vokal dan kemudian mendiskusikan konsonan.
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1 2 3 Frekuensi (kHz)
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10.1 vokal
Gambar 10.1 (a, c) spektogram dan (b, d) LPC spektrum vokal bahasa Inggris
[i] dan [a] dihasilkan oleh speaker laki-laki.
dan yang ketiga frekuensi forman sekitar 3.200 Hz. Sebaliknya, vokal [a] memiliki
frekuensi forman pertama sekitar 810 Hz, frekuensi forman kedua sekitar
1.250 Hz, dan frekuensi forman ketiga sekitar 2.400 Hz. Perbedaan ini
mencerminkan bentuk saluran yang berbeda vokal yang terlibat dalam produksi dua
vokal. Gambar 10.2 menunjukkan frekuensi bergaya tiga forman pertama bagi
semua vokal monoftong dari bahasa Inggris Amerika, rata-rata lebih dari sekelompok 50 laki-laki
speaker (Hillenbrand et al. 1995).
The vokal sepanjang sumbu horisontal diatur dari depan ke belakang. Di
samping itu, vokal depan adalah peringkat dalam urutan tinggi, dari tinggi
[i] ke rendah [re], dan kembali vokal dalam urutan tinggi, dari rendah [a]
ke tinggi [u]. Ketika vokal yang disusun dengan cara ini, jelas bahwa kedua
Vokal diproduksi dengan saluran vokal yang relatif terbuka dan aliran udara tidak
parah terhambat. Oleh karena itu sinyal akustik yang dihasilkan relatif keras. Dalam Addi ~
tion, vokal biasanya diproduksi dengan lipatan getaran vokal. The acousti utama! F
karakteristik vokal adalah lokasi dari frekuensi forman, khususnya, ~
tiga forman pertama (FI-B). Seperti yang dibahas dalam Bagian 9.5.1, bentuk,
saluran vokal menentukan lokasi frekuensi forman. Perubahan
posisi artikulator akan memodifikasi bentuk dari saluran vokal dan, sebagai hasilnya,
lokasi frekuensi forman. Karena frekuensi forman yang sama dapat
dihasilkan dengan berbagai posisi artikulasi, lokasi frekuensi forman
adalah penentu penting dari kualitas vokal daripada posisi dari mengartikulasikan
lators. Untuk speaker diberikan atau untuk kelompok speaker dengan saluran vokal yang sama
panjang, masing-masing vokal dikaitkan dengan pola frekuensi forman akustik yang berbeda. " '
Sebagai contoh, Gambar 10.1 menunjukkan spektogram dan prediktif coding (LPC) linear
spektrum vokal [i] dan [a] yang diucapkan oleh pembicara bahasa Inggris laki-laki.
Seperti pada spektogram apapun, frekuensi diplot sepanjang sumbu vertikal, dan waktu
sepanjang sumbu horisontal. intensitas diwakili oleh kegelapan layar.
Semakin gelap daerah tertentu, semakin besar intensitasnya. The spektogram dari
dua vokal memiliki beberapa kesamaan. keduanya ditandai dengan
kehadiran sejumlah gelap band sepanjang skala frekuensi. ini band gelap
sesuai dengan frekuensi forman yang mencerminkan resonansi dari saluran vokal
dan muncul sebagai "puncak" dalam spektrum LPC.
perbedaan penting antara kedua vokal ini tentu saja lokasi yang tepat
dari frekuensi forman . Seperti yang ditunjukkan pada Gambar 10.1, vokal [i] memiliki pertama
frekuensi formant sekitar 240 Hz, frekuensi forman kedua sekitar 2.450 Hz
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