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10Acoustic Characteristicsof Speech SoundsAcoustic Characteristics of Speech Sounds183I1Ji',1This chapter discusses the primary acoustic characteristics of a variety of speecbsounds and illustrates them by means of spectrograms and spectra. We start wi~vowels and subsequently discuss consonants."+-F2I-Fl100 200Time (ms)Ii];~i" ",1 2 3 Frequency (kHz)F3~~~F2~F3,E'"Eo~.1 2 3 Frequency (kHz)[0]10.1 VowelsFigure 10.1 (a, c) Spectrograms and (b, d) LPC spectra of the English vowels[i] and [a] produced by a male speaker.and a third formant frequency around 3,200 Hz. In contrast, the vowel [a] hasa first formant frequency around 810 Hz, a second formant frequency around1,250 Hz, and a third formant frequency around 2,400 Hz. This differencereflects the different vocal tract shapes involved in the production of the twovowels. Figure 10.2 shows the stylized frequencies of the first three formants forall monophthongal vowels of American English, averaged over a group of 50 malespeakers (Hillenbrand et al. 1995).The vowels along the horizontal axis are organized from front to back. Inaddition, the front vowels are ranked in descending order of height, from high[i] to low [re], and the back vowels in ascending order of height, from low [a]to high [u]. When the vowels are arranged this way, it is apparent that the twoVowels are produced with a relatively open vocal tract and the airstream is notseverely impeded. The resulting acoustic signal is therefore relatively loud. In addi~tion, vowels are usually produced with vocal fold vibration. The primary acousti!fcharacteristic of vowels is the location of the formant frequencies, specifically,~the first three formants (FI-B). As discussed in Section 9.5.1, the shape of the,vocal tract determines the location of the formant frequencies. Changes in theposition of the articulators will modify the shape of the vocal tract and, as a result,the location of the formant frequencies. Since the same formant frequencies canbe generated with a variety of articulatory positions, formant frequency locationis a critical determinant of vowel quality rather than the positions of the articu-lators. For a given speaker or for a group of speakers with the same vocal tractlength, each vowel is associated with a distinct acoustic formant frequency pattern. "'As an example, Figure 10.1 shows spectrograms and linear predictive coding (LPC)spectra of the vowels [i] and [a] spoken by a male English speaker.As on any spectrogram, frequency is plotted along the vertical axis, and timealong the horizontal axis. Intensity is represented by the darkness of the display.The darker a particular area, the greater its intensity. The spectrograms of thetwo vowels have several things in common. They are both characterized by thepresence of a number of dark bands along the frequency scale. These dark bandscorrespond to the formant frequencies that reflect the resonances of the vocal tractand appear as "peaks" in the LPC spectrum.The crucial difference between the two vowels is of course the exact locationof the formant frequencies. As indicated in Figure 10.1, the vowel [i] has a firstformant frequency around 240 Hz, a second formant frequency around 2,450 Hz
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