INTRODUCTIONAntibiotics have been successfully used in animal producti terjemahan - INTRODUCTIONAntibiotics have been successfully used in animal producti Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

INTRODUCTIONAntibiotics have been s

INTRODUCTION
Antibiotics have been successfully used in animal production since their discovery for maintaining health and improving performance. However, the risk of bacteria acquiring resistance to specific antibiotics and antibiotic residues in meat led to a ban of antibiotics as growth promoters in European Union (EU) since January 2006. With increasing pressures of antibiotic resistance and food safety concerns, acceptance for the use of non-therapeutic antibiotics in animal feed is eroding in the EU countries (Doyle 2001). Organic acids are routinely included in diets for monogastric animals in Europe as a preservative and acidifier, in order to replace antibiotics as growth promoters and prevent or control pathogens.
As a group of chemicals, organic acids are considered to be any organic carboxylic acid of the general structure R-COOH (including fatty acids and amino acids). Not all of these acids have effects on gut microflora. Organic acids with specific antimicrobial activity are short-chain acids (C1–C7) and they are widely distributed in nature as normal constituents of plants or animal tissues. They are also formed through microbial fermentation of carbohydrates mainly in the large intestine. They are sometimes found as their sodium, potassium or calcium salts. Most organic acids with antimicrobial activity have a pKa— (the pH at which the acid is half dissociated)-between 3 and 5. Table 1 shows the common name, chemical name, formula and first pKa of organic acids that are commonly used as dietary acidifiers in monogastric animals (Dibner and Buttin, 2002).
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INTRODUCTIONAntibiotics have been successfully used in animal production since their discovery for maintaining health and improving performance. However, the risk of bacteria acquiring resistance to specific antibiotics and antibiotic residues in meat led to a ban of antibiotics as growth promoters in European Union (EU) since January 2006. With increasing pressures of antibiotic resistance and food safety concerns, acceptance for the use of non-therapeutic antibiotics in animal feed is eroding in the EU countries (Doyle 2001). Organic acids are routinely included in diets for monogastric animals in Europe as a preservative and acidifier, in order to replace antibiotics as growth promoters and prevent or control pathogens.As a group of chemicals, organic acids are considered to be any organic carboxylic acid of the general structure R-COOH (including fatty acids and amino acids). Not all of these acids have effects on gut microflora. Organic acids with specific antimicrobial activity are short-chain acids (C1–C7) and they are widely distributed in nature as normal constituents of plants or animal tissues. They are also formed through microbial fermentation of carbohydrates mainly in the large intestine. They are sometimes found as their sodium, potassium or calcium salts. Most organic acids with antimicrobial activity have a pKa— (the pH at which the acid is half dissociated)-between 3 and 5. Table 1 shows the common name, chemical name, formula and first pKa of organic acids that are commonly used as dietary acidifiers in monogastric animals (Dibner and Buttin, 2002).
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PENDAHULUAN
Antibiotik telah berhasil digunakan dalam produksi hewan sejak penemuan mereka untuk menjaga kesehatan dan meningkatkan kinerja. Namun, risiko bakteri memperoleh resistensi terhadap antibiotik tertentu dan residu antibiotik dalam daging menyebabkan larangan antibiotik sebagai promotor pertumbuhan dalam Uni Eropa (EU) sejak Januari 2006. Dengan meningkatnya tekanan perlawanan dan keamanan pangan kekhawatiran antibiotik, penerimaan untuk penggunaan antibiotik non-terapeutik pada pakan ternak mengikis di negara Uni Eropa (Doyle 2001). Asam organik secara rutin dimasukkan dalam diet untuk hewan monogastrik di Eropa sebagai pengawet dan acidifier, untuk menggantikan antibiotik sebagai promotor pertumbuhan dan mencegah atau mengendalikan patogen.
Sebagai kelompok bahan kimia, asam organik dianggap setiap asam karboksilat organik dari struktur umum R-COOH (termasuk asam lemak dan asam amino). Tidak semua asam ini memiliki efek pada mikroflora usus. Asam organik dengan aktivitas antimikroba spesifik adalah asam rantai pendek (C1-C7) dan mereka tersebar luas di alam sebagai konstituen normal tanaman atau jaringan hewan. Mereka juga terbentuk melalui fermentasi mikroba karbohidrat terutama di usus besar. Mereka kadang-kadang ditemukan sebagai natrium, kalium atau kalsium garam mereka. Kebanyakan asam organik dengan aktivitas antimikroba memiliki pKa- (pH di mana asam yang setengah dipisahkan) -between 3 dan 5. Tabel 1 menunjukkan nama umum, nama kimia, formula dan pertama pKa asam organik yang biasa digunakan sebagai makanan acidifiers pada hewan monogastrik (Dibner dan Buttin, 2002).
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