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Volkswagen adalah salah satu semakin banyak perusahaan asing, besar dankecil, yang melakukan bisnis dengan perusahaan-perusahaan di negara lain. Beberapa perusahaan,seperti Coca-Cola, menjual kepada perusahaan-perusahaan di negara-negara lain; lain, seperti Pier 1Impor, membeli barang-barang di seluruh dunia untuk mengimpor ke Amerika Serikat. Apakah merekamembeli atau menjual produk di luar batas negara, perusahaan-perusahaan ini semua berkontribusi terhadapvolume perdagangan internasional yang mendorong ekonomi global.Secara teoritis, perdagangan internasional adalah setiap bit sebagai logis dan bermanfaat sebagai interstateperdagangan antara, katakanlah, California dan Washington. Namun, bangsa cenderung untuk membatasiimpor barang tertentu untuk berbagai alasan. Misalnya, di awal 2000-an,Amerika Serikat membatasi impor Meksiko tomat segar karena merekameremehkan tingkat harga domestik tomat segar.Walaupun pembatasan seperti itu, perdagangan internasional telah meningkat hampir terus sejakPerang Dunia II. Banyak dari negara-negara telah menandatangani perjanjian perdagangan dimaksudkanuntuk menghilangkan masalah dalam bisnis internasional dan membantu negara-negara kurang berkembang berpartisipasidalam perdagangan dunia. Masing-masing perusahaan di seluruh dunia memiliki kesempatan tersebutuntuk bersaing di pasar luar negeri dengan mengekspor produk dan meningkatkan produksi Asing,seperti halnya dengan lain berarti.70Penandatanganan UU perdagangan tahun 2002, Presiden George W. Bush berkomentar, "perdagangansumber penting pekerjaan yang baik untuk para pekerja kita dan sumber pertumbuhan yang lebih tinggi untuk kamieconomy. Free trade is also a proven strategy for building global prosperity and addingto the momentum of political freedom. Trade is an engine of economic growth. Inour lifetime, trade has helped lift millions of people and whole nations out of povertyand put them on the path of prosperity.”2 In his national best seller, The World Is Flat,Thomas L. Friedman states, “The flattening of the world has presented us with newopportunities, new challenges, new partners but, also, alas new dangers, particularly asAmericans it is imperative that we be the best global citizens that we can be—becausein a flat world, if you don’t visit a bad neighborhood, it might visit you.”We describe international trade in this chapter in terms of modern specialization,whereby each country trades the surplus goods and services it produces most efficientlyfor products in short supply. We also explain the restrictions nations place on productsand services from other countries and present some of the possible advantages anddisadvantages of these restrictions. We then describe the extent of international tradeand identify the organizations working to foster it. We describe several methods ofentering international markets and the various sources of export assistance availablefrom the federal government. Finally, we identify some of the institutions that providethe complex financing necessary for modern international trade.The Basis for International BusinessInternational business encompasses all business activities that involve exchangesacross national boundaries. Thus, a firm is engaged in international business whenit buys some portion of its input from, or sells some portion of its output to, anorganization located in a foreign country. (A small retail store may sell goods producedin some other country. However, because it purchases these goods from Americandistributors, it is not engaged in international trade.)Absolute and Comparative AdvantageSome countries are better equipped than others to produce particular goods or services.The reason may be a country’s natural resources, its labor supply, or even customsor a historical accident. Such a country would be best off if it could specialize inthe production of such products so that it can produce them most efficiently. Thecountry could use what it needed of these products and then tradethe surplus for products it could not produce efficiently on its own.Saudi Arabia thus has specialized in the production of crude oiland petroleum products; South Africa, in diamonds; and Australia,in wool. Each of these countries is said to have an absolute advantagewith regard to a particular product. An absolute advantageis the ability to produce a specific product more efficiently than anyother nation.One country may have an absolute advantage with regard toseveral products, whereas another country may have no absoluteadvantage at all. Yet it is still worthwhile for these two countries tospecialize and trade with each other. To see why this is so, imaginethat you are the president of a successful manufacturing firm andthat you can accurately type 90 words per minute. Your assistantcan type 80 words per minute but would run the business poorly.Thus, you have an absolute advantage over your assistant in bothtyping and managing. However, you cannot afford to type yourown letters because your time is better spent in managing the business.That is, you have a comparative advantage in managing. Acomparative advantage is the ability to produce a specific productmore efficiently than any other product.71
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