of studies touting its

of studies touting its "scientific

of studies touting its "scientific validation. However, it is evidence-based because it emanates from the marriage of a collective body of knowledge that has been acquired through research in the fields of neuroscience, pedagogy, assessment, and intervention. The process advocated by this hybrid model is one that requires a type of validation that has yet to be well documented because it cannot be appropriately represented by the types of research methods traditionally used to measure LD outcomes (assigning multiple individuals to treatment groups, delivering a treatment or inter-vention, and then examining group means to determine outcome). The heterogeneity of learning disabilities renders this research methodology weak at best for the purpose of measuring the efficacy of the integrated RTRI model proposed in this chapter. At minimum, any attempts to con-duct intervention outcomes research with this specific model will require more rigor than has historically been empi ;yed. Examples include more careful control over the heterogeneity of the individuals grouped together as a treatment group (beginning with increased consistency in the criteria used to diagnose individuals as learning disabled), improved control over other factors both within and external to the student (such as psychiatric disorders, SES, etc.), and improved attention paid to measuring the fidelity with which the interventions are delivered. It is worth noting here that such improved controls in outcomes research, especially for the within-student variables that need controlled for, will require the prudent use of specialized diagnostic assessment instruments, such as modern neuron psychological and information-processing measures. - Some researchers even contend that outcomes research, especially of the aforementioned integrated model of LD identification, will require research of single-subject design (Feifer & Della Toffalo, 2007; Hale et al., 2006). A corpus of such research will likely be built slowly, but nevertheless, it shall be built. This integrated model then arrives to you with a call to duty—the duty of the scientist practitioner to engage simultaneously in both practice and research calculated to evaluate current practice in order to guide future practice.

SUMMARY
The field of school psychology has changed substantially since the term learning disability was first described by Samuel Kirk (0963). Our scientifi-cally based understanding of brain-behavior relationships is stronger than ever before, and our assessment technology has advanced rapidly to reflect this progress. However, school psychologists are faced with a reactionary movement in educational practice that threatens to ignore such advances and attempts to discredit psychometric assessment as a foundation for
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of studies touting its "scientific validation. However, it is evidence-based because it emanates from the marriage of a collective body of knowledge that has been acquired through research in the fields of neuroscience, pedagogy, assessment, and intervention. The process advocated by this hybrid model is one that requires a type of validation that has yet to be well documented because it cannot be appropriately represented by the types of research methods traditionally used to measure LD outcomes (assigning multiple individuals to treatment groups, delivering a treatment or inter-vention, and then examining group means to determine outcome). The heterogeneity of learning disabilities renders this research methodology weak at best for the purpose of measuring the efficacy of the integrated RTRI model proposed in this chapter. At minimum, any attempts to con-duct intervention outcomes research with this specific model will require more rigor than has historically been empi ;yed. Examples include more careful control over the heterogeneity of the individuals grouped together as a treatment group (beginning with increased consistency in the criteria used to diagnose individuals as learning disabled), improved control over other factors both within and external to the student (such as psychiatric disorders, SES, etc.), and improved attention paid to measuring the fidelity with which the interventions are delivered. It is worth noting here that such improved controls in outcomes research, especially for the within-student variables that need controlled for, will require the prudent use of specialized diagnostic assessment instruments, such as modern neuron psychological and information-processing measures. - Some researchers even contend that outcomes research, especially of the aforementioned integrated model of LD identification, will require research of single-subject design (Feifer & Della Toffalo, 2007; Hale et al., 2006). A corpus of such research will likely be built slowly, but nevertheless, it shall be built. This integrated model then arrives to you with a call to duty—the duty of the scientist practitioner to engage simultaneously in both practice and research calculated to evaluate current practice in order to guide future practice. SUMMARY The field of school psychology has changed substantially since the term learning disability was first described by Samuel Kirk (0963). Our scientifi-cally based understanding of brain-behavior relationships is stronger than ever before, and our assessment technology has advanced rapidly to reflect this progress. However, school psychologists are faced with a reactionary movement in educational practice that threatens to ignore such advances and attempts to discredit psychometric assessment as a foundation for
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studi menggembar-gemborkan "validasi ilmiah. Namun, karena berasal dari perkawinan dari badan kolektif pengetahuan yang telah diperoleh melalui penelitian di bidang ilmu saraf, pedagogi, penilaian, dan intervensi berbasis bukti. Proses dianjurkan oleh Model hybrid ini adalah salah satu yang membutuhkan jenis validasi yang belum didokumentasikan dengan baik karena tidak dapat tepat diwakili oleh jenis metode penelitian tradisional digunakan untuk mengukur hasil LD (menugaskan beberapa orang untuk kelompok perlakuan, memberikan pengobatan atau antar vensi, dan kelompok kemudian memeriksa berarti untuk menentukan hasil). Heterogenitas ketidakmampuan belajar membuat metodologi penelitian ini lemah di terbaik untuk tujuan mengukur efektivitas model RTRI terintegrasi diusulkan dalam bab ini. Minimal, setiap upaya untuk con-duct intervensi hasil-hasil penelitian dengan model khusus ini akan memerlukan lebih banyak kekakuan dari secara historis EMPI;. yed Contohnya termasuk kontrol lebih berhati-hati atas heterogenitas individu dikelompokkan bersama sebagai kelompok perlakuan (dimulai dengan peningkatan konsistensi dalam kriteria yang digunakan untuk mendiagnosa individu sebagai pembelajaran dinonaktifkan), meningkatkan kontrol atas faktor-faktor lain baik di dalam dan luar siswa (seperti gangguan kejiwaan, SES, dll), dan peningkatan perhatian dibayar untuk mengukur kesetiaan dengan yang intervensi disampaikan. Perlu dicatat di sini bahwa kontrol ditingkatkan seperti dalam penelitian hasil, terutama untuk jarak-mahasiswa variabel yang perlu dikontrol untuk, akan memerlukan penggunaan yang bijaksana dari instrumen penilaian diagnostik khusus, seperti neuron yang modern tindakan psikologis dan pemrosesan informasi. - Beberapa peneliti bahkan berpendapat bahwa penelitian hasil, terutama dari model terpadu tersebut identifikasi LD, akan memerlukan penelitian dari desain single-subjek (Feifer & Della Toffalo, 2007; Hale et al, 2006.). Sebuah korpus penelitian tersebut kemungkinan akan dibangun perlahan-lahan, namun demikian, hal itu akan dibangun. Model terpadu ini maka tiba untuk Anda dengan panggilan untuk tugas-tugas dari praktisi ilmuwan untuk terlibat secara bersamaan baik dalam praktik dan penelitian dihitung untuk mengevaluasi praktek saat ini dalam rangka untuk memandu praktek masa depan. RINGKASAN Bidang psikologi sekolah telah berubah secara substansial sejak Istilah ketidakmampuan belajar pertama kali dijelaskan oleh Samuel Kirk (0963). Pemahaman berdasarkan scientifi-Cally kami hubungan otak-perilaku lebih kuat dari sebelumnya, dan teknologi penilaian kami telah maju pesat untuk mencerminkan kemajuan ini. Namun, psikolog sekolah dihadapkan dengan gerakan reaksioner dalam praktek pendidikan yang mengancam untuk mengabaikan kemajuan tersebut dan mencoba untuk mendiskreditkan penilaian psikometri sebagai dasar untuk



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