Questions surrounding the concept o

Questions surrounding the concept of change have been
considered for a long time. The pre-Socratic philosopher
Heraclitus was among the first to argue that change is an
omnipresent condition of life, a view that was exemplified
by his famous decree regarding the impossibility of stepping
into the same river twice (Mahoney, 2000). The notion that
change is possible, and even inevitable, is perhaps one of the
central ideas inherent in the assumptions that inform mental
health disciplines. Thus, questions pertaining to the nature of
therapeutic change, such as pretreatment change, are important
to mental health because of their ftindamental association
with the counseling process.
Counseling outcome research has indicated that common
factors, such as client strengths and resources, the facilitation
of the therapeutic alliance, and client hope, are important contributions
to the change process (Asay & Lambert, 1999; Beutler,
Castonguay, & Follette, 2006; Lambert, 1992; Wampold,
2001). Research has also indicated that therapeutic change is
more likely to be long lasting when counseling clients attribute
change to their own efforts (Lambert & Bergin, 1994).
There is some evidence to suggest that clients may benefit
from different therapeutic conversations at various points
in counseling, as change progresses. This idea has been
systematically described as a transtheoretical theory, which
delineates the stages of change (Prochaska, 1999; Prochaska
& DiClemente, 1982; Prochaska & Norcross, 2002). From
this perspective, change consists of six stages through which
clients pass as they engage in therapeutic change: precontemplation,
contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and
termination. These stages describe different client needs at
different stages of change as they consider, prepare for, enact,
and maintain therapeutic change. Thus, therapeutic conversations
designed to facilitate, and capitalize on, the therapeutic
alliance, client hope, and client strengths and resources may
need to be altered to match client needs as they progress
through different stages of change.
Counseling approaches that prioritize identifying and
incorporating client strengths and resources and that are tailored
to client needs at different points in counseling warrant
further consideration. Research pertaining to client change
has suggested that counselor understanding of client perceptions
of pretreatment change could also help counselors meet
their clients' needs.
•Considering Pretreatment Change
One of the first studies to appear in the literature on the
topic of change without treatment was conducted by Schorer,
Lowinger, Sullivan, and Hartlaub (1968). The authors examined
pretreatment change with clients assigned to counseling
waiting lists. Of the 55 wait-listed clients who received no
additional services, 36 (65%) experienced significant clinical
improvement without treatment. Weiner-Davis, de Shazer, and
Gingerich (1987) interviewed 30 families seeking counseling
at a community-based facility regarding pretreatment change.
Specifically, the authors asked clients if desired changes
related to their reasons for seeking counseling had occurred
between the time of initial contact with the counselor and the
first counseling appointment. The researchers found that 66%
of the participants initially reported that desired pretreatment
changes had occurred.
In addition to reporting the prevalence of pretreatment
change, some studies have investigated the impact or uses that
pretreatment changes can have during the counseling process.
Beyebach, Morejon, Palenzuela, and Rodriguez-Arias (1996)
found that clients reporting pretreatment changes were 4 times
more likely to successfully complete counseling than were
clients who did not experience pretreatment change. These
results indicate that it may be especially useftil to focus on
pretreatment changes in the first session of counseling.
AUgood, Parham, Salts, and Smith (1995) investigated the
prevalence of pretreatment change and the impact of pretreat

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1:

Pertanyaan seputar konsep perubahan telahdipertimbangkan untuk waktu yang lama. Filsuf pra-SokratesHeraclitus adalah di antara yang pertama untuk berpendapat bahwa perubahanmahahadir kondisi kehidupan, pandangan yang adalah dicontohkanoleh titah terkenal mengenai ketidakmungkinan melangkahke dalam sungai yang sama dua kali (Mahoney, 2000). Gagasan yangperubahan ini dimungkinkan, dan bahkan tak terelakkan, mungkin merupakan salahide-ide sentral yang melekat pada asumsi-asumsi yang menginformasikan mentaldisiplin ilmu kesehatan. Jadi, pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang berkaitan dengan sifatperubahan terapeutik, seperti perubahan pretreatment, pentinguntuk kesehatan mental karena Asosiasi ftindamentaldengan proses konseling.Konseling hasil penelitian telah menunjukkan bahwa Umumfaktor-faktor, seperti klien kekuatan dan sumber daya, fasilitasiAliansi terapi, dan harapan klien, adalah kontribusi pentinguntuk proses perubahan (Asay & Lambert, 1999; Beutler,Castonguay & Follette, 2006; Lambert, 1992; Wampold,2001). penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa perubahan terapeutik adalahlebih cenderung menjadi tahan ketika konseling klien atribut lamaperubahan untuk usaha mereka sendiri (Lambert & Bergin, 1994).Ada beberapa bukti untuk menyarankan bahwa klien dapat menguntungkandari percakapan terapeutik yang berbeda pada berbagai titikdalam konseling, seperti mengubah berlangsung. Ide ini telahsecara sistematis digambarkan sebagai sebuah teori transtheoretical, yangdelineates tahap perubahan (Prochaska, 1999; Prochaska& DiClemente, 1982; Prochaska & Norcross, 2002). Dariperspektif ini, perubahan terdiri dari enam tahap di manaklien terjadi seperti yang mereka terlibat dalam terapi perubahan: precontemplation,kontemplasi, persiapan, aksi, pemeliharaan, danpenghentian. Tahap ini menggambarkan kebutuhan klien yang berbedatahap yang berbeda perubahan karena mereka menganggap, mempersiapkan, memberlakukan,dan menjaga perubahan terapeutik. Dengan demikian, terapi percakapandirancang untuk memfasilitasi, dan memanfaatkannya, terapiAliansi, harapan klien, dan klien kekuatan dan sumber daya dapatperlu diubah sesuai kebutuhan klien mereka seiringmelalui berbagai tahap perubahan.Konseling pendekatan yang memprioritaskan mengidentifikasi danmenggabungkan kekuatan klien dan sumber daya dan yang disesuaikanuntuk kebutuhan klien pada berbagai titik dalam konseling menjaminpertimbangan lebih lanjut. Penelitian yang berkaitan dengan perubahan klientelah menyarankan bahwa konselor pemahaman klien persepsipretreatment perubahan juga bisa membantu memenuhi konselorkebutuhan klien mereka.•Considering pretreatment perubahanSalah satu dari studi pertama untuk muncul dalam literatur ditopik perubahan tanpa pengobatan dilakukan oleh Schorer,Lowinger, Sullivan, dan Hartlaub (1968). Para penulis yang ditelitipretreatment perubahan dengan klien yang ditugaskan untuk konselingdaftar tunggu. 55 menunggu-terdaftar klien yang menerima noLayanan tambahan, 36 (65%) mengalami signifikan klinisimprovement without treatment. Weiner-Davis, de Shazer, andGingerich (1987) interviewed 30 families seeking counselingat a community-based facility regarding pretreatment change.Specifically, the authors asked clients if desired changesrelated to their reasons for seeking counseling had occurredbetween the time of initial contact with the counselor and thefirst counseling appointment. The researchers found that 66%of the participants initially reported that desired pretreatmentchanges had occurred.In addition to reporting the prevalence of pretreatmentchange, some studies have investigated the impact or uses thatpretreatment changes can have during the counseling process.Beyebach, Morejon, Palenzuela, and Rodriguez-Arias (1996)found that clients reporting pretreatment changes were 4 timesmore likely to successfully complete counseling than wereclients who did not experience pretreatment change. Theseresults indicate that it may be especially useftil to focus onpretreatment changes in the first session of counseling.AUgood, Parham, Salts, and Smith (1995) investigated theprevalence of pretreatment change and the impact of pretreat