After the execution in 1864 of its

After the execution in 1864 of its founder Ch'oe Che-u, the Tonghak ("Eastern Learning") movement for a time could not operate in the open. But under its second Patriarch, Ch'oe Si-hyong 최시형 (1829-1898), despite great difficulties the Bible of Tonghak Doctrine (Tonggyongtaejon) and Hymns from Dragon Pool (Yongdam yusa) were compiled, thus systematizing the tenets of the new religion. At the same time a network of churches was success¬fully established, organizing members into "parishes" (p'o) and creating a hierarchy of church leadership. This movement to bring new converts under Tonghak discipline owed its success to the peasantry's deep hostility toward the yangban class and its resistance to the inroads of foreign powers.

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Setelah pelaksanaan tahun 1864 pendirinya Ch'oe Che-u, gerakan Tonghak ("belajar Timur") untuk waktu yang tidak bisa beroperasi di tempat terbuka. Tetapi di bawah patriak yang kedua, Ch'oe Si-hyong 최시형 (1829-1898), meskipun kesulitan besar disusun Alkitab Tonghak ajaran (Tonggyongtaejon) dan himne dari kolam naga (Yongdam yusa), dengan demikian sistematisasi ajaran agama baru. Pada saat yang sama jaringan jemaat adalah success¬fully didirikan, pengorganisasian anggota ke "paroki" (p'o) dan menciptakan hirarki kepemimpinan gereja. Gerakan ini membawa mengkonversi baru di bawah Tonghak disiplin berutang keberhasilannya untuk kaum tani dalam permusuhan terhadap kelas yangban dan ketahanan terhadap terobosan kekuatan asing.