Asymmetric cell divisionsCell-cycle entry will lead to the actual divi terjemahan - Asymmetric cell divisionsCell-cycle entry will lead to the actual divi Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

Asymmetric cell divisionsCell-cycle

Asymmetric cell divisions

Cell-cycle entry will lead to the actual division process to form two new daughter cells. Two fundamentally different types of cell division occur during plant growth and development. One type exclusively generates new cells with the same cell fate and is designated 'proliferative division'. Proliferative cell divisions are primarily responsible for growth maintenance of the plant body by providing new cells and do not result in the formation of new cell types, tissues or organs. By contrast, for the onset of differentiation, either in the meristem itself or in quiescent cells outside the meristems, a special type of cell division -- 'generative' or 'asymmetric' division -- is required, in which the two daughter cells acquire distinct fates. In plants, asymmetric divisions are explicitly involved in developmental processes, such as the start of embryogenesis, stomata and pollen development, and lateral root initiation. Asymmetric divisions are also essential for stem-cell maintenance: a stem cell must divide asymmetrically to give rise to a stem-cell daughter cell and a second cell that is committed to a new cell fate.

It is currently unclear what causes the distinction between a symmetric and an asymmetric division at the molecular level. In Drosophila melanogaster , evidence is accumulating that some of the key cell-cycle regulators themselves (such as the CDK-activating phosphatase string (also known as cdc25 )) function as intrinsic factors for the asymmetric localization of cell-fate determinants [21]. Although similar links between cell-cycle and cell-fate specification mechanisms have not yet been firmly established in plants, the basic cell-cycle machinery is probably also involved in controlling asymmetric division. For example, whereas new roots and shoots can be obtained easily from wild-type A. thaliana leaf explants, the regeneration of new tissues is completely impaired in plants that ectopically express the A-type cyclin CYCA3;2 , indicating that CYCA3;2-CDK activity might be crucial for the divergence between proliferative and generative asymmetric divisions [22].

Another example of a putative direct link between cell-fate specification and cell division can be observed during stomata development, and involves the plant-specific CDKB1;1. This particular B-type CDK is highly active in stomatal precursor cells that divide asymmetrically. Evidence for its potential function in stomatal asymmetric division has been demonstrated by downregulation of CDKB1;1 activity in transgenic A. thaliana plants, resulting in a strong decrease in the number of stomata because of an arrest of the stomatal precursor divisions [23].
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Asymmetric cell divisionsCell-cycle entry will lead to the actual division process to form two new daughter cells. Two fundamentally different types of cell division occur during plant growth and development. One type exclusively generates new cells with the same cell fate and is designated 'proliferative division'. Proliferative cell divisions are primarily responsible for growth maintenance of the plant body by providing new cells and do not result in the formation of new cell types, tissues or organs. By contrast, for the onset of differentiation, either in the meristem itself or in quiescent cells outside the meristems, a special type of cell division -- 'generative' or 'asymmetric' division -- is required, in which the two daughter cells acquire distinct fates. In plants, asymmetric divisions are explicitly involved in developmental processes, such as the start of embryogenesis, stomata and pollen development, and lateral root initiation. Asymmetric divisions are also essential for stem-cell maintenance: a stem cell must divide asymmetrically to give rise to a stem-cell daughter cell and a second cell that is committed to a new cell fate.It is currently unclear what causes the distinction between a symmetric and an asymmetric division at the molecular level. In Drosophila melanogaster , evidence is accumulating that some of the key cell-cycle regulators themselves (such as the CDK-activating phosphatase string (also known as cdc25 )) function as intrinsic factors for the asymmetric localization of cell-fate determinants [21]. Although similar links between cell-cycle and cell-fate specification mechanisms have not yet been firmly established in plants, the basic cell-cycle machinery is probably also involved in controlling asymmetric division. For example, whereas new roots and shoots can be obtained easily from wild-type A. thaliana leaf explants, the regeneration of new tissues is completely impaired in plants that ectopically express the A-type cyclin CYCA3;2 , indicating that CYCA3;2-CDK activity might be crucial for the divergence between proliferative and generative asymmetric divisions [22].Another example of a putative direct link between cell-fate specification and cell division can be observed during stomata development, and involves the plant-specific CDKB1;1. This particular B-type CDK is highly active in stomatal precursor cells that divide asymmetrically. Evidence for its potential function in stomatal asymmetric division has been demonstrated by downregulation of CDKB1;1 activity in transgenic A. thaliana plants, resulting in a strong decrease in the number of stomata because of an arrest of the stomatal precursor divisions [23].
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Asymmetric pembelahan sel

entri Sel siklus akan mengarah pada proses pembelahan yang sebenarnya untuk membentuk dua sel anak baru. Dua jenis berbeda secara fundamental pembelahan sel terjadi selama pertumbuhan dan perkembangan tanaman. Salah satu jenis eksklusif menghasilkan sel-sel baru dengan nasib sel yang sama dan ditunjuk 'proliferatif divisi'. Pembelahan sel proliferatif terutama bertanggung jawab untuk pemeliharaan pertumbuhan tubuh tumbuhan dengan menyediakan sel-sel baru dan tidak mengakibatkan pembentukan sel baru jenis, jaringan atau organ. Sebaliknya, untuk timbulnya diferensiasi, baik dalam meristem sendiri atau dalam sel diam di luar meristem, tipe khusus dari pembelahan sel - 'generatif' atau 'asimetris' divisi - diperlukan, di mana dua sel anak memperoleh nasib yang berbeda. Pada tumbuhan, divisi asimetris secara eksplisit terlibat dalam proses perkembangan, seperti awal embriogenesis, stomata dan pengembangan serbuk sari, dan inisiasi akar lateral. Divisi asimetris juga penting untuk pemeliharaan sel induk: sel stem harus membagi asimetris untuk menimbulkan sel anak-sel induk dan sel kedua yang berkomitmen untuk nasib sel baru.

Saat ini belum jelas apa yang menyebabkan perbedaan antara simetris dan divisi asimetris pada tingkat molekuler. Pada Drosophila melanogaster, bukti terkumpul bahwa beberapa kunci sel-siklus regulator sendiri (seperti fosfatase tali CDK-mengaktifkan (juga dikenal sebagai cdc25)) fungsi sebagai faktor intrinsik untuk lokalisasi asimetris penentu sel-nasib [21]. Meskipun link yang sama antara sel-siklus dan mekanisme spesifikasi sel-nasib belum mapan dalam tanaman, mesin sel-siklus dasar mungkin juga terlibat dalam mengendalikan divisi asimetris. Misalnya, sedangkan akar baru dan tunas dapat diperoleh dengan mudah dari tipe liar eksplan daun A. thaliana, regenerasi jaringan baru benar-benar terganggu pada tanaman yang ektopik mengekspresikan A-tipe cyclin CYCA3; 2, menunjukkan bahwa CYCA3; 2- kegiatan CDK mungkin penting untuk perbedaan antara proliferasi dan divisi asimetris generatif [22].

contoh lain dari hubungan langsung diduga antara spesifikasi sel-nasib dan pembelahan sel dapat diamati selama pengembangan stomata, dan melibatkan CDKB1 tanaman spesifik; 1. B-jenis CDK khusus ini sangat aktif dalam sel prekursor stomata yang membagi asimetris. Bukti untuk fungsi potensinya di divisi asimetris stomata telah ditunjukkan oleh downregulation dari CDKB1; 1 aktivitas di transgenik tanaman A. thaliana, mengakibatkan penurunan kuat dalam jumlah stomata karena penangkapan dari prekursor divisi stomata [23].
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