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METHODSAs detailed below, there are three component parts , called "STEPS", of the survey instrument i.e. behavioral, physical, and biochemical measurements. (1) Apart from questions for basic demographic information, a structured questionnaire was used to assess four common behavioral risk factors of NCDs by face-to-face interviews. Participants were asked about personal dietary habits, particularly fruit and vegetable intakes, as well as tobacco use, alcohol consumtion and physical activity in their daily lives. (2) The second step consisted of measurements of heigh' weight, waist and hip circumferences, and resting blood pressure. The anthropometric measurements were taken in light in door clothing, and without shoes or other heavy accessories. Waist circumference was measured at the midpoint between the lowest rib and the iliac crest. Blood pressure in the sitting position was measured three times in the upper arm, using an electronic sphygmomanometer (Omron HEM-7200). Three measurements of blood pressure were taken for each participant in the survey, and the arithmetic mean of the second and third readings were used. (3) Biochemical blood tests were performance in the morning after roughly 10 to 12 hours of fasting. Fresh capillary whole blood samples were drawn were from fingertip. Followed by biochemical tests on portable devices, namely ACCU-CHEK Performa system (Roche diagnostic North America) for fasting blood glucose and Accutrend plus system (Roche diagnostic North America) for blood levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides.
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