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Whistle-Blower Claims Accounting Sh

Whistle-Blower Claims Accounting Shenanigans at SuccessFactors
SuccessFactors is a U.S. multinational company that provides cloud-based human resourcesrelated
software applications. Under its “software-as-a-service” business model, the company provides software resources
to subscribers who access them via the Internet for a fee. Annual revenue for the firm was $206 million in
2010.43
SuccessFactors spreads its costs over a large number of subscribers to keep its subscription rates low and
generate income. Subscribers, in turn, rely on SuccessFactors to manage their data and software in a secure and
reliable manner. Subscribers avoid large capital outlays for computing equipment and eliminate the costs
associated with the purchase of hardware and software and the hiring of numerous computer operations and
support people.
SuccessFactors has not been profitable—incurring losses in each fiscal period since its inception in 2001,
with a loss of $12.5 million for 2010 and an accumulated deficit of $231.3 million.44 Nevertheless, SAP paid $3.4
billion (over 10 times its 2011 revenue of $327 million) to acquire SuccessFactors in early 2012. (This number
compares very unfavorably with the median price—three times revenue—paid in the 32 software mergers that
occurred in North America in the five years prior to SAP’s purchase of SuccessFactors.)45 SAP was willing to
pay such a premium to gain significant market share and expertise in the rapidly growing human resources
software-as-a-service arena. At the time, SuccessFactors had a customer base of some 15 million subscription seat
licenses spread across 3,500 customers.46
As with many companies, SuccessFactors supplemented the financial results that it reported in accordance
with GAAP (generally accepted accounting principles that form the basis for financial reporting), with non-GAAP
financial measures. The manner in which such non- GAAP measures are defined and calculated differ from
company to company.47 One of these non-GAAP financial measures was a measure called “backlog.”
SuccessFactors, and many other cloud computing service firms, invoice subscribers on an annual basis even if the
term of the subscription agreement is longer than one year. Amounts that have been invoiced, but that have not yet
been recognized as revenue, are recorded as deferred revenue. SuccessFactors reported the portion of the total
contract value not yet invoiced as backlog.48 SuccessFactors had a backlog of about $90 million at the end of
2007 compared with a backlog of $43 million at the end of 2006—an increase the company attributed to an
upsurge in new contracts and customers. 49 In 2009, SuccessFactors stopped reporting this backlog figure, and the
omission caught the eye of the SEC. When the agency inquired about why the company was no longer
reporting this figure, SuccessFactors responded that it felt investors did not consider this figure useful.50
In the third quarter of 2010, Success Factors stated that it had adopted a 2009 SEC rule that limited the
manner in which revenue could be reported on multiyear contracts.51 However, in its 2011 annual report, filed
just after SAP announced its intent to acquire the firm, but before the deal was finalized, SuccessFactors admitted
that its accounting controls suffered from “a material weakness” and that its “internal control over financial
reporting was not effective as of December 31, 2011.”52 Indeed, a SuccessFactors salesperson turned whistleblower
claimed that from 2009 to 2011, accounting controls at SuccessFactors were so weak that salespeople were
able to improperly rewrite existing multiyear contracts as new contracts to earn additional commissions. If true,
this would also accelerate revenue, making the company look more financially sound, while also reducing the
backlog number. SAP investigated these claims with an examination conducted by an outside law firm and found
no merit to the claims.53
Discussion Questions
1. In the end, SuccessFactors investors were not hurt by this alleged improper accounting because SAP paid such
a high premium to acquire the firm, which helped SAP jump-start its cloud computing business. Was anyone hurt
by this alleged improper accounting and, if so, who and how?
2. Should management encourage the reporting of non-GAAP financial measures that may be useful to investors?
Why or why not?
3. What sort of measures should the management teams of service companies put in place to ensure that there is
no improper accounting of multiyear contracts?
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Whistle-Blower Claims Accounting Shenanigans at SuccessFactorsSuccessFactors is a U.S. multinational company that provides cloud-based human resourcesrelatedsoftware applications. Under its “software-as-a-service” business model, the company provides software resourcesto subscribers who access them via the Internet for a fee. Annual revenue for the firm was $206 million in2010.43SuccessFactors spreads its costs over a large number of subscribers to keep its subscription rates low andgenerate income. Subscribers, in turn, rely on SuccessFactors to manage their data and software in a secure andreliable manner. Subscribers avoid large capital outlays for computing equipment and eliminate the costsassociated with the purchase of hardware and software and the hiring of numerous computer operations andsupport people.SuccessFactors has not been profitable—incurring losses in each fiscal period since its inception in 2001,with a loss of $12.5 million for 2010 and an accumulated deficit of $231.3 million.44 Nevertheless, SAP paid $3.4billion (over 10 times its 2011 revenue of $327 million) to acquire SuccessFactors in early 2012. (This numbercompares very unfavorably with the median price—three times revenue—paid in the 32 software mergers thatoccurred in North America in the five years prior to SAP’s purchase of SuccessFactors.)45 SAP was willing topay such a premium to gain significant market share and expertise in the rapidly growing human resourcessoftware-as-a-service arena. At the time, SuccessFactors had a customer base of some 15 million subscription seatlicenses spread across 3,500 customers.46As with many companies, SuccessFactors supplemented the financial results that it reported in accordancewith GAAP (generally accepted accounting principles that form the basis for financial reporting), with non-GAAPfinancial measures. The manner in which such non- GAAP measures are defined and calculated differ fromcompany to company.47 One of these non-GAAP financial measures was a measure called “backlog.”SuccessFactors, and many other cloud computing service firms, invoice subscribers on an annual basis even if theterm of the subscription agreement is longer than one year. Amounts that have been invoiced, but that have not yetbeen recognized as revenue, are recorded as deferred revenue. SuccessFactors reported the portion of the totalcontract value not yet invoiced as backlog.48 SuccessFactors had a backlog of about $90 million at the end of2007 compared with a backlog of $43 million at the end of 2006—an increase the company attributed to anupsurge in new contracts and customers. 49 In 2009, SuccessFactors stopped reporting this backlog figure, and theomission caught the eye of the SEC. When the agency inquired about why the company was no longerreporting this figure, SuccessFactors responded that it felt investors did not consider this figure useful.50In the third quarter of 2010, Success Factors stated that it had adopted a 2009 SEC rule that limited themanner in which revenue could be reported on multiyear contracts.51 However, in its 2011 annual report, filedjust after SAP announced its intent to acquire the firm, but before the deal was finalized, SuccessFactors admittedthat its accounting controls suffered from “a material weakness” and that its “internal control over financialreporting was not effective as of December 31, 2011.”52 Indeed, a SuccessFactors salesperson turned whistleblowerclaimed that from 2009 to 2011, accounting controls at SuccessFactors were so weak that salespeople wereable to improperly rewrite existing multiyear contracts as new contracts to earn additional commissions. If true,this would also accelerate revenue, making the company look more financially sound, while also reducing thebacklog number. SAP investigated these claims with an examination conducted by an outside law firm and foundno merit to the claims.53Discussion Questions1. In the end, SuccessFactors investors were not hurt by this alleged improper accounting because SAP paid sucha high premium to acquire the firm, which helped SAP jump-start its cloud computing business. Was anyone hurtby this alleged improper accounting and, if so, who and how?2. Should management encourage the reporting of non-GAAP financial measures that may be useful to investors?Why or why not?3. What sort of measures should the management teams of service companies put in place to ensure that there isno improper accounting of multiyear contracts?
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Whistle Blower-Shenanigans Akuntansi Klaim di SuccessFactors
SuccessFactors adalah perusahaan multinasional AS yang memberikan resourcesrelated manusia berbasis cloud
aplikasi perangkat lunak. Di bawah nya "software-as-a-service" model bisnis, perusahaan menyediakan sumber daya perangkat lunak
untuk pelanggan yang mengaksesnya melalui internet untuk biaya. Pendapatan tahunan bagi perusahaan adalah $ 206.000.000 di
2.010,43
SuccessFactors menyebar biaya yang lebih banyak pelanggan untuk mempertahankan suku berlangganan rendah dan
menghasilkan pendapatan. Pelanggan, pada gilirannya, bergantung pada SuccessFactors untuk mengelola data dan perangkat lunak mereka di tempat yang aman dan
cara yang dapat diandalkan. Pelanggan menghindari pengeluaran modal yang besar untuk peralatan komputasi dan menghilangkan biaya
yang terkait dengan pembelian perangkat keras dan perangkat lunak dan mempekerjakan banyak operasi komputer dan
dukungan orang.
SuccessFactors belum menguntungkan-menimbulkan kerugian dalam setiap periode fiskal sejak didirikan pada tahun 2001,
dengan kerugian sebesar $ 12,5 juta untuk 2010 dan akumulasi defisit sebesar $ 231,3 million.44 Namun demikian, SAP dibayar $ 3,4
milyar (lebih dari 10 kali pendapatan 2011 sebesar $ 327.000.000) untuk mengakuisisi SuccessFactors di awal tahun 2012. (jumlah ini
membandingkan sangat tak menguntungkan dengan harga rata-rata kali -tiga pendapatan dibayar dalam 32 merger perangkat lunak yang
terjadi di Amerika Utara dalam lima tahun sebelum pembelian SAP dari SuccessFactors.) 45 SAP bersedia
membayar premium seperti untuk mendapatkan pangsa pasar yang signifikan dan keahlian dalam sumber daya berkembang pesat manusia
software-as-a-service arena. Pada saat itu, SuccessFactors memiliki basis pelanggan sekitar 15 juta kursi langganan
lisensi yang tersebar di 3.500 customers.46
Seperti banyak perusahaan, SuccessFactors dilengkapi hasil keuangan yang dilaporkan sesuai
dengan GAAP (prinsip akuntansi yang berlaku umum yang membentuk dasar untuk keuangan pelaporan), dengan non-GAAP
ukuran finansial. Cara di mana langkah-langkah GAAP non seperti didefinisikan dan dihitung berbeda dari
perusahaan ke company.47 Salah non-GAAP ukuran keuangan tersebut telah ukuran yang disebut "backlog."
SuccessFactors, dan banyak perusahaan layanan komputasi awan lainnya, pelanggan faktur pada secara tahunan bahkan jika
jangka waktu perjanjian berlangganan adalah lebih dari satu tahun. Jumlah yang telah ditagih, tetapi yang belum
diakui sebagai pendapatan, dicatat sebagai pendapatan ditangguhkan. SuccessFactors melaporkan sebagian dari total
nilai kontrak belum ditagih sebagai backlog.48 SuccessFactors memiliki backlog sekitar $ 90 juta pada akhir
tahun 2007 dibandingkan dengan backlog $ 43.000.000 pada akhir tahun 2006-peningkatan perusahaan dikaitkan dengan
kebangkitan dalam kontrak baru dan pelanggan. 49 tahun 2009, SuccessFactors berhenti melaporkan angka backlog ini, dan
kelalaian tertangkap mata SEC. Ketika badan bertanya tentang mengapa perusahaan tidak lagi
melaporkan angka ini, SuccessFactors menjawab bahwa rasanya investor tidak menganggap angka useful.50 ini
Pada kuartal ketiga 2010, Faktor Sukses menyatakan bahwa mereka telah mengadopsi 2009 SEC aturan yang membatasi
cara di mana pendapatan dapat dilaporkan pada contracts.51 multiyear Namun, dalam laporan tahunannya 2011, diajukan
setelah SAP mengumumkan niatnya untuk mengakuisisi perusahaan, tapi sebelum kesepakatan itu selesai, SuccessFactors mengakui
bahwa kontrol akuntansi menderita "material kelemahan "dan bahwa" pengendalian internal atas keuangan
pelaporan tidak efektif pada tanggal 31 Desember 2011. "52 Memang, penjual SuccessFactors berubah whistleblower
mengklaim bahwa 2009-2011, akuntansi kontrol di SuccessFactors begitu lemah sehingga penjual yang
mampu benar menulis ulang kontrak multiyear yang ada sebagai kontrak baru untuk mendapatkan komisi tambahan. Jika benar,
ini juga akan mempercepat pendapatan, membuat perusahaan terlihat lebih finansial suara, sementara juga mengurangi
jumlah backlog. SAP diselidiki klaim ini dengan pemeriksaan yang dilakukan oleh firma hukum luar dan menemukan
tidak ada manfaat untuk para claims.53
Pertanyaan Diskusi
1. Pada akhirnya, investor SuccessFactors tidak terluka oleh akuntansi yang tidak tepat dugaan ini karena SAP dibayar seperti
premi yang tinggi untuk memperoleh perusahaan, yang membantu SAP melejitkan bisnis komputasi awan. Apakah ada yang terluka
oleh ini diduga akuntansi yang tidak tepat dan, jika demikian, siapa dan bagaimana?
2. Harus manajemen mendorong pelaporan tindakan keuangan non-GAAP yang mungkin berguna bagi investor?
Mengapa atau mengapa tidak?
3. Macam apa langkah-langkah yang harus tim manajemen perusahaan layanan diletakkan di tempat untuk memastikan bahwa tidak
ada akuntansi yang tidak tepat kontrak multiyears?
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