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Phantoms
Phantoms are sometimes called blur edges or bur margins. They are images that do not correspond to exiting structures. Thet are false image and, as such, are dangerous to the diagnostic procces. Phantoms are produced during complex tomographic motions, especially circular, when the tube motion is parallel to the long axis of the structure. They are also caused by bur overlap and displacement of blur margins due to the tomographic motion. For example, a dense bony structure may have its blur margin projectec into a soft tissue area. Especially in cranial and chrst tomography, the decreased blur density may simulate a pathological soft tissue condition. Reduced section thickness and increased exposure amplitude decrease phantom image
Fulcrum
The fulcrum is the pivot point around which the motions of the tube and the image receptor are centerd. It determines the focal plane and thereby controls section level. The fulcrum may be fixed so that the patient is moved up and down to change the section level ( the grossman principle). More commonly, the fulcrum is adjustable so that it moves up and down while the patient remains stationary
Focal plane
The focal plane is often reffered to as the section, although the terms section level, layer height, object plane and depth of focus have also been used. It is the region within which the image exhibits satisfactory recorded detail and is controlled by the level of the fulcrum. The focal plane is not an axactly defined region. Objects lecated futher from the fulcrum are more blurred. Consequently, gradually increasing recorded detail eventually reaches a point where it is considered of diagnostic sharpness. This point defines the margins of the focal plane.
Section thickness
Section thickness is the width of the focal plane and is controlled by the exposure angle. Exposure angel is inversely proportional to section thickness. As the exposure angle increases, section thickness decreases. Conversely, as the exposure angle decreases, section thickness increases. Section thickness occurs in a plane paralel to the image receptor. Although there is an increase in magnification due to the increased OID of object C as the x-ray tube moves to the left, there is also a corresponding increase in the SOD and SID. The ratio SID to SOD, the magnification ratio, remains the same, asa do the ratios for objects A and B. Therefore, although magnification has an effect on the detail and sharpness of to mographed objects, tomographic motion does not change the total effect from that seen in a static radiograph of the same area. Most tomographic images exhibit less contrast that static images of the same regions because of the decreased tissue density that is being imaged with a single section. The decreased difference subject density also constitutes decreased subject contras. Additionally, the blurring of structures above and below the fulcrum increasesthe bas density of the image. Increased base density decreases contras because fewer densities remain within the diagnostically visible range of densities
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