A number of models for arriving at forgiveness exist, and West (2001) in outlining
the strong link between spiritual and psychological therapeutic views of forgiveness,
suggests there are two different but helpful models that approach the problem from
different perspectives. These models have been developed by Enright and Coyle
(1998) and validated by Enright and Fitzgibbons (2000) for use in a variety of
forgiveness contexts (but not pedagogical) and Worthington (1998), primarily for use
with couples, with Worthington and colleagues refining the approach some years
later (Worthington, Mazzeo & Canter, 2005). Enright and Coyle’s model is a 20-step
process presented in four phases covering cognitive, behavioural, and affective aspects
of forgiveness (West, 2001). Worthington et al.’s five-step REACH model, on the
other hand, is a more succinct model with a Christian foundation based on the use of
empathy and a motivation to forgive and be forgiven. Despite their different perspectives,
the two models might bear some comparison as can be seen in Table 4.3 below.
Table 4.3 shows that comparison between these two models is not necessarily
linear or direct, although both models when examined in isolation present a linear
process for use. This comparison is useful because it highlights a persistent empathic
aspect of forgiveness that runs through and informs both approaches. Worthington
(1998) argues that his model is based on the development of empathy between
the injured and the injurer. The comparison in Table 4.3 shows that at least three
of Enright and Fitzgibbons’s (2000) phases (and arguably also the fourth) also
involve empathy. The development of empathy, then, as discussed in Chapter Two is
critical and further demonstrates the interrelatedness of ideas in the area of love as
pedagogy, and the knowledge that if one aspect of love is ignored it may be at the
expense of the attainment of another.
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