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choice of activities and behavioral settings, how much effort they expend,and how long they will persist in the face of obstacles and aversive experiences.The stronger the perceived self-efficacy, the more active the copingefforts. Those who persist in subjectively threatening activities willeventually eliminate their inhibitions through corrective experience, whereasthose who avoid what they fear, or who cease their coping efforts prematurely,will retain their self-debilitating expectations and defensivebehavior.In this social learning analysis, expectations of personal efficacy stemfrom four main sources of information. Performance accomplishmentsprovide the most influential efficacy information because it is based on personalmastery experiences. The other sources of efficacy informationinclude the vicarious experiences of observing others succeed through theirefforts, verbal persuasion that one possesses the capabilities to cope successfully,and states of physiological arousal from which people judge theirlevel of anxiety and vulnerability to stress.Empirical tests of this theory (Bandura, Adams, & Beyer, 1977), confirmthat different treatment approaches alter expectations of personal efficacy,and the more dependable the source of efficacy information, thegreater are the changes in self-efficacy. Thus, treatments based on performanceaccomplishments through the aid of participant modelingproduce higher, stronger, and more generalized expectations of personalefficacy than do vicarious experiences alone. Results of a microanalysis ofthe congruence between self-efficacy and performance reveal that behavioralchanges correspond closely to level of self-efficacy whether instatedenactively or vicariously.As a further test of the generality of this theory, an experiment wasconducted of efficacy expectations instated by systematic desensitization,which is aimed at eliminating emotional arousal. Social learning theory andthe dual-process theory of anxiety, on which the desensitization approach isbased, posit different explanatory mechanisms for the changes produced bythis mode of treatment.The standard desensitization approach is based on the assumptionthat anxiety activates defensive behavior (Wolpe, 1974). According to thisview, association of neutral events with aversive stimulation creates ananxiety drive that motivates defensive behavior. The defensive behavior, inturn, is reinforced by reducing the anxiety aroused by conditioned aversivestimuli. Hence, to eliminate defensive responding it is considered necessaryto eradicate its underlying anxiety. Treatment
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