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LeadershipThe importance of leaders

Leadership
The importance of leadership in an organization cannot be overemphasized. According to Mills (2005), business leadership is the core of economic development. Managers and entrepreneurs who sustain and create companies is at the core of both Korean and American economic development. The contrast between South Korea and the United States on the individualism-collectivism dimension and the power distance dimension directly impacts leadership styles in organizations.
Mills (2005) contends that American CEOs tend to use one of the following leadership styles: directive, participative, empowering, or charismatic.
While the directive leadership style is well known in America, its use is declining in frequency in the U.S. It stresses the direction given by executives to others in the firms and the leader is very much in charge. Of the five styles, this style is most common in South Korea (Mills, 2005).
Participative leadership, which involves close teamwork with others, is more common in America than South Korea.
Empowering leadership is relatively new and stresses delegation of responsibility to subordinates. American companies that operate with largely autonomous divisions employ this style of leadership. A few younger Asian business leaders now use this style (Mills, 2005).
A charismatic leader is the one who looks like a leader. People follow this person because of who he/she is, not because of good management or even business success. Human magnetism is the attraction, and it is very different in different national cultures. What looks like a charismatic leader to Americans may appear to be something very different to people from other cultures.
Fukuyama (1995) contends that “virtually all comparative studies of Korean management have indicated that Korean businesses tend to be run in a hierarchical, authoritarian, and centralized manner” (p. 134). The authoritarian nature of decision making in Korea makes it easier for Korean companies to move quickly and decisively (Morden & Bowles, 1998). Welch, Kily and Ihlwan (2008) found that the top executives in the United States’ Hyundai plants run the companies in a far more authoritarian style than do most American CEOS.
The stage of development of a company also influences the type of leadership in the firm. To a significant degree, large American firms are at a later stage of development than many Asian firms – they have passed from founders’ family leadership to professional management (many companies have executive development programs within the firm). According to Mills (2005), American CEOs average about 30 years with their firms and own less than 4 percent of its shares. Additionally, many American firms are more dependent on capital markets for their capital (equity and debt) and so pay more attention to Wall Street than is yet common in Asia. There is less freedom of action for executives and boards in America than in Asia. In this transition they have adopted particular styles of leadership responsive to boards (often lead by outside directors) and to the U.S. stock market (Mills, 2005).
To summarize, American businesses tend to use a variety of leadership styles, while South Korean business leaders tend to follow a directive leadership style. American firms tend to be in a later stage of development, with professional managers leading the companies. One additional factor that influences leadership styles in the two countries is family/political connections.
Two levels of organization exist in South Korea: individual firms, and larger networks which unite these individual corporate entities. The Korean conglomerate networks or business groupings are known as the chaebol. Virtually the whole of the large business sector in South Korea is part of one or other of the chaebol networks which are usually family-owned or controlled and kinship based. Examples include corporations such as Samsung, Hanjiin, Daewoo, Hyundai, and Lucky-Goldstar (LG) (Morden & Bowles, 1998, p. 318).
Chaebols are extremely large and sophisticated and have maintained close relationships with the Korean government. The chaebols have expanded very rapidly in the world market and produce major international brands. Many of the chaebols are still run by founding family members, who insist on making all major management decisions personally. Therefore, ownership and management have not been separated in many large South Korean companies. The owner family has actively participated in the management process and family members tend to
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LeadershipThe importance of leadership in an organization cannot be overemphasized. According to Mills (2005), business leadership is the core of economic development. Managers and entrepreneurs who sustain and create companies is at the core of both Korean and American economic development. The contrast between South Korea and the United States on the individualism-collectivism dimension and the power distance dimension directly impacts leadership styles in organizations.Mills (2005) contends that American CEOs tend to use one of the following leadership styles: directive, participative, empowering, or charismatic.While the directive leadership style is well known in America, its use is declining in frequency in the U.S. It stresses the direction given by executives to others in the firms and the leader is very much in charge. Of the five styles, this style is most common in South Korea (Mills, 2005).Participative leadership, which involves close teamwork with others, is more common in America than South Korea.Empowering leadership is relatively new and stresses delegation of responsibility to subordinates. American companies that operate with largely autonomous divisions employ this style of leadership. A few younger Asian business leaders now use this style (Mills, 2005).A charismatic leader is the one who looks like a leader. People follow this person because of who he/she is, not because of good management or even business success. Human magnetism is the attraction, and it is very different in different national cultures. What looks like a charismatic leader to Americans may appear to be something very different to people from other cultures.Fukuyama (1995) contends that “virtually all comparative studies of Korean management have indicated that Korean businesses tend to be run in a hierarchical, authoritarian, and centralized manner” (p. 134). The authoritarian nature of decision making in Korea makes it easier for Korean companies to move quickly and decisively (Morden & Bowles, 1998). Welch, Kily and Ihlwan (2008) found that the top executives in the United States’ Hyundai plants run the companies in a far more authoritarian style than do most American CEOS.The stage of development of a company also influences the type of leadership in the firm. To a significant degree, large American firms are at a later stage of development than many Asian firms – they have passed from founders’ family leadership to professional management (many companies have executive development programs within the firm). According to Mills (2005), American CEOs average about 30 years with their firms and own less than 4 percent of its shares. Additionally, many American firms are more dependent on capital markets for their capital (equity and debt) and so pay more attention to Wall Street than is yet common in Asia. There is less freedom of action for executives and boards in America than in Asia. In this transition they have adopted particular styles of leadership responsive to boards (often lead by outside directors) and to the U.S. stock market (Mills, 2005).To summarize, American businesses tend to use a variety of leadership styles, while South Korean business leaders tend to follow a directive leadership style. American firms tend to be in a later stage of development, with professional managers leading the companies. One additional factor that influences leadership styles in the two countries is family/political connections.Two levels of organization exist in South Korea: individual firms, and larger networks which unite these individual corporate entities. The Korean conglomerate networks or business groupings are known as the chaebol. Virtually the whole of the large business sector in South Korea is part of one or other of the chaebol networks which are usually family-owned or controlled and kinship based. Examples include corporations such as Samsung, Hanjiin, Daewoo, Hyundai, and Lucky-Goldstar (LG) (Morden & Bowles, 1998, p. 318).Chaebols are extremely large and sophisticated and have maintained close relationships with the Korean government. The chaebols have expanded very rapidly in the world market and produce major international brands. Many of the chaebols are still run by founding family members, who insist on making all major management decisions personally. Therefore, ownership and management have not been separated in many large South Korean companies. The owner family has actively participated in the management process and family members tend to
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Kepemimpinan
Pentingnya kepemimpinan dalam suatu organisasi tidak bisa terlalu ditekankan. Menurut Mills (2005), kepemimpinan bisnis adalah inti dari pembangunan ekonomi. Manajer dan pengusaha yang mempertahankan dan menciptakan perusahaan merupakan inti dari pembangunan ekonomi Korea dan Amerika. . Kontras antara Korea Selatan dan Amerika Serikat pada dimensi individualisme-kolektivisme dan dimensi jarak kekuasaan langsung dampak gaya kepemimpinan dalam organisasi
Mills (2005) menyatakan bahwa CEO Amerika cenderung menggunakan salah satu gaya kepemimpinan berikut: direktif, partisipatif, pemberdayaan , atau karismatik.
Sementara gaya kepemimpinan direktif terkenal di Amerika, penggunaannya menurun dalam frekuensi di AS ini menekankan arah yang diberikan oleh eksekutif kepada orang lain dalam perusahaan dan pemimpin sangat banyak biaya. Dari lima gaya, gaya ini adalah yang paling umum di Korea Selatan (Mills, 2005).
Kepemimpinan partisipatif, yang melibatkan kerja sama tim yang dekat dengan orang lain, lebih umum di Amerika daripada Korea Selatan.
Memberdayakan kepemimpinan adalah relatif baru dan menekankan delegasi tanggung jawab kepada bawahan . Perusahaan Amerika yang beroperasi dengan divisi sebagian besar otonom menggunakan gaya kepemimpinan ini. Beberapa pemimpin bisnis Asia muda sekarang menggunakan gaya ini (Mills, 2005).
Seorang pemimpin karismatik adalah salah satu yang terlihat seperti seorang pemimpin. Orang mengikuti orang ini karena siapa dia / dia, bukan karena manajemen yang baik atau bahkan kesuksesan bisnis. Magnet manusia adalah daya tarik, dan sangat berbeda dalam budaya nasional yang berbeda. Apa yang tampak seperti seorang pemimpin karismatik untuk Amerika mungkin tampak sesuatu yang sangat berbeda dengan orang-orang dari budaya lain.
Fukuyama (1995) menyatakan bahwa "hampir semua studi banding manajemen Korea telah menunjukkan bahwa perusahaan Korea cenderung berjalan dalam hirarki, otoriter, dan secara terpusat "(hal. 134). Sifat otoriter pengambilan keputusan di Korea membuatnya lebih mudah bagi perusahaan Korea untuk bergerak cepat dan tegas (Morden & Bowles, 1998). Welch, Kily dan Ihlwan (2008) menemukan bahwa eksekutif puncak pada tanaman Hyundai Amerika Serikat 'menjalankan perusahaan dalam gaya yang jauh lebih otoriter daripada CEO yang paling Amerika.
Tahap pengembangan perusahaan juga mempengaruhi tipe kepemimpinan di perusahaan. Untuk tingkat yang signifikan, perusahaan Amerika besar adalah pada tahap berikutnya pembangunan dari banyak perusahaan Asia - mereka telah lulus dari pendiri keluarga kepemimpinan untuk manajemen yang profesional (banyak perusahaan memiliki program pengembangan eksekutif dalam perusahaan). Menurut Mills (2005), CEO Amerika rata-rata sekitar 30 tahun dengan perusahaan mereka dan memiliki kurang dari 4 persen sahamnya. Selain itu, banyak perusahaan Amerika yang lebih tergantung pada pasar modal untuk modal mereka (ekuitas dan utang) dan lebih memperhatikan Wall Street dari belum umum di Asia. Ada kebebasan kurang aksi untuk eksekutif dan papan di Amerika daripada di Asia. Dalam transisi ini mereka telah mengadopsi gaya tertentu kepemimpinan responsif terhadap papan (sering dipimpin oleh direksi luar) dan pasar saham AS (Mills, 2005).
Untuk meringkas, bisnis Amerika cenderung menggunakan berbagai gaya kepemimpinan, sementara bisnis Korea Selatan pemimpin cenderung mengikuti gaya kepemimpinan direktif. Perusahaan-perusahaan Amerika cenderung di tahap berikutnya pembangunan, dengan manajer profesional memimpin perusahaan. Salah satu faktor tambahan yang mempengaruhi gaya kepemimpinan di kedua negara adalah koneksi politik keluarga /.
Dua tingkat organisasi yang ada di Korea Selatan: perusahaan individual, dan jaringan yang lebih besar yang menyatukan entitas perusahaan individu. Korea jaringan konglomerat atau kelompok usaha yang dikenal sebagai chaebol. Hampir seluruh sektor bisnis besar di Korea Selatan merupakan bagian dari satu atau lain dari jaringan chaebol yang biasanya milik keluarga atau dikendalikan dan kekerabatan berdasarkan. Contohnya termasuk perusahaan seperti Samsung, Hanjiin, Daewoo, Hyundai, dan Lucky Goldstar-(LG) (Morden & Bowles, 1998, hal. 318).
Chaebol sangat besar dan canggih dan telah mempertahankan hubungan dekat dengan pemerintah Korea. The chaebol telah berkembang sangat pesat di pasar dunia dan menghasilkan merek internasional utama. Banyak chaebol masih dijalankan oleh anggota keluarga pendiri, yang bersikeras untuk membuat semua keputusan manajemen utama pribadi. Oleh karena itu, kepemilikan dan manajemen belum dipisahkan di banyak perusahaan Korea Selatan yang besar. Keluarga pemilik telah secara aktif berpartisipasi dalam proses manajemen dan anggota keluarga cenderung
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